Penile lichen sclerosis is a longstanding inflammatory disease of the skin with a controversial aetiology. Penile lichen sclerosis (PLS) is a growing, inflammatory dermatitis of the anogenital region, which involves the meatus, prepuce, penile shaft, and glans penis. Although the accurate aetiology of PLS is contentious, multiple factors including genetics, autoimmunity, infections of human papillomavirus, hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus, risk factors (hormonal and trauma), etc., can be considered to be a part of the etiopathogenesis of PLS. The initial clinical presentations of penile lichen sclerosis are white plaques, atrophied skin, erythema, erosions, and sclerosis in the anogenital region. When the disease advances, the following can occur, including meatal constraints, telangiectasia, petechiae, soreness, papular lesions, tightness of the foreskin, difficulties in passing urine, itching, tenderness on erections, pain, cracking, bleeding, redness, rashes, tightness at frenulum, and dysuria. This disease has a dangerous course of action and if untreated it may be linked with severe urologic and sexual morbidities. PLS is usually treated with medical and surgical interventions like topical or intralesional steroids and circumcision. The role of circumcision is very critical in the course of action and prognosis of PLS, and its treatment is dependent on the stage of the disease. This review brings up the knowledge regarding epidemiology, etiopathology, clinical presentation, and management of PLS with an emphasis on the role of circumcision.
Background: A global average of twenty million inguinal hernia surgeries are accomplished each year, making it one of the most common general surgical procedures. In recent years, inguinodynia, also known as post-inguinal pain syndrome, has become more significant. Aim: To carry out comparison of incidence of inguinodynia in open and laproscopic hernia repair. Methods and Materials: There were 200 cases altogether in the study group, of which 100 study participants (category A) underwent open Lichtenstein inguinal hernia mesh surgery and 100 cases (group B) underwent inguinal hernia surgery by laproscopy. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS; range: 0 to 10). According to the VAS, inguinodynia patients were divided into three categories: mild category (score 1 to 3), moderate category (4 to 7) and severe category (8 to10). Results: Overall the incidence of inguinodynia was 23.24% in all patients. The incidence of inguinodynia in patients operated for open inguinal hernia repair was 25.96% while the incidence was 18.23% in laparoscopic method of hernia repair. 192 patients were males and 8 were females.
Introduction: Millions of lives have been impacted by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection worldwide. The world's health-care system is overburdened and, in some places, in disarray, which has an effect on medical workers' physical and psychological well-being. The psychological impact has more negative effects on people's general well-being. The goal of this review was to ascertain how the COVID-19 pandemic affected these populations' levels of stress, despair, and anxiety. Until March 2022, PubMed, Google Scholar, and journal online databases were searched for articles focusing on stress, anxiety, and depression in Indian health-care professionals. “Psychological distress,” “COVID-19,” and “Health professionals” were utilized as search phrases. The quantitative study was performed using R Software version 4.1.2. Using Cochran's Q test, the studies' heterogeneity (I 2) was evaluated. We found 12 studies in the search results. Stress prevalence as a whole was 0.2721 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.1336–0.4754). Depression had a combined prevalence of 0.3941 (95% CI - 0.2698–0.5338). Anxiety's pooled prevalence was 0.4158 (95% CI - 0.2790–0.5670). Young age and longer work hours were considered the main risk factors for psychological distress. The COVID-19 had a significant impact on India's medical sector. The critical goal is to recognize psychological issues at an early stage and to use the right technique and intervention to deal with them.
Purpose Any type of waste that is produced during medical treatments is called biomedical waste. Because BMW is a complex waste with high degree of quantitative and qualitative variations which arise due to the practices followed by the hospital staff in handling of waste, it is very crucial to analyse the knowledge and attitude of the waste handlers. A qualitative study was thus conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices followed for bio medical waste management by the hospital staff of government and private hospitals of Alwar. Methods For this a questionnaire was distributed to 335 respondents and based on the scorecard for the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice scores KAP index was evaluated. Results The KAP index as per the scorecard came to be satisfactory for both government and private hospitals, though it was on a better side for the govt hospital staff; indicating a slightly better biomedical waste management in government hospitals as compared to private hospitals. When the socio demography of the respondents was associated with the KAP index it was found that age, occupation, experience and training influenced the KAP index as the P value was > 0.05. Correlation analysis results showed a positive and strong correlation between all the three parameters i.e. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice for bio medical waste management. Conclusions The KAP scorecard highlighted that the score of the cleaners, who have the prime responsibility of handling biomedical waste, was moderate so biomedical waste management needs improvements in the hospitals of Alwar.
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