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A procedure for salt extraction of heavy crude oil emulsions (API lower than 14°) was performed using microwave radiation. Emulsion was transferred to high-pressure quartz vessels with further water addition. Microwave radiation was applied for 60 min, and after separation of phases, chloride determination was performed in the water phase by ion chromatography (IC). The sampling procedure, heating time (10−40 min), microwave power (500−800 W), and the number of extractions (1−5) were evaluated. The salt remaining in the oil phase was determined, as chloride, by IC after sample digestion by a microwave-induced combustion technique, and the results confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed microwave-assisted salt extraction procedure. Using the proposed procedure, the salt extraction efficiency from heavy crude oil emulsion was higher than 95%. For a comparison of the results, Cl determination was also performed by inductively coupled plasma−optical emission spectrometry and potentiometric titration. The procedure allowed the salinity determination in less time (1 h) in comparison to the recommended ASTM D 6470 method (more than 4 h), and the use of toxic reagents or demulsifiers was avoided. Up to eight samples could be processed simultaneously, making the proposed procedure suitable for routine analysis in a laboratory scale.

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In this work are reported densities of protic and aprotic ionic liquids in a wide temperature range, at ambient pressure, and a thermodynamic modeling is performed through Mattedi−Tavares−Castier, the EOS is based on lattice gas theory. The results are quite satisfactory with deviations smaller than 0.05%. The densities of aprotic ionic liquids are presented with greater magnitudes compared to protic ILs, revealing significant differences between levels of cohesion and electrostatic contributions among the protic and aprotic ionic liquids.

-Densities and refractive index of binay mixtures of water with four protic ionic liquids, based on ammonium and fatty acids, were measured at 298.15 and 323.15 K, under atmospheric pressure. Apparent and excess molar volumes were obtained by experiments and fitting data to the Redlich-Meyer (RM), RedlichKister (RK) and Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) equations. The molar volume values were high, suggesting strong ion-solvent interaction. The same interaction also became stronger as the temperature increased. Excess volume values were negative, indicating that packing efficiency ability or attractive interactions occurred in mixtures of ionic liquid + water. The errors (AARD) for the properties in excess were in the range of 1.8% to 7.2%. The PFP error for the apparent volume was in the range of 0.34% to 0.06%, lower than the RM error for the same property, which was in the range of 0.70 to 1.55%. The Gladstone-Dale model was applied to correlate the refractive index of the binary mixture with the density from the values of both pure components.

C. roseus phytochemicals are physisorbed on the 111 Fe surface, and the oxygen non-bonding electron chemisorbed on the polarized state 111 Fe surface.