Daerah Mamuju dan sekitarnya umumnya disusun oleh batuan gunung api. Batuan sedimen vulkanoklastik dan batugamping berada di atas batuan gunung api. Aktivitas gunung api membentuk beberapa morfologi unik seperti kawah, kubah lava, dan jalur hembusan piroklastika sebagai produknya. Produk tersebut diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakter bentuk-bentuk melingkar di citra Landsat-8. Hasil koreksi geometrik dan atmosferik, interpretasi visual pada citra Landsat-8 dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi struktur, geomorfologi, dan kondisi geologi daerah tersebut. Struktur geologi regional menunjukkan kecenderungan arah tenggara – baratlaut yang mempengaruhi pembentukan gunung api Adang. Geomorfologi daerah tersebut diklasifikasikan menjadi 16 satuan geomorfologi berdasarkan aspek genetisnya, yaitu punggungan blok sesar Sumare, punggungan kuesta Mamuju, kawah erupsi Adang, kawah erupsi Labuhan Ranau, kawah erupsi Sumare, kerucut gunung api Ampalas, kubah lava Adang, bukit intrusi Labuhan Ranau, punggungan aliran piroklastik Adang, punggungan aliran piroklastik Sumare, perbukitan sisa gunung api Adang, perbukitan sisa gunung api Malunda, perbukitan sisa gunung api Talaya, perbukitan karst Tapalang, dan dataran aluvial Mamuju, dataran teras terumbu Karampuang. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi citra Landsat-8 dan konfirmasi lapangan, geologi daerah Mamuju dibagi menjadi batuan gunung api dan batuan sedimen. Batuan gunung api terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu Kompleks Talaya dan Kompleks Mamuju. Kompleks Talaya terdiri atas batuan gunung api Mambi, Malunda, dan Kalukku berkomposisi andesit, sementara Kompleks Mamuju terdiri atas batuan gunung api Botteng, Ahu, Tapalang, Adang, Ampalas, Sumare, dan Labuhan Ranau berkomposisi andesit sampai basal leusit. Vulkanostratigrafi daerah ini disusun berdasarkan analisis struktur, geomorfologi, dan distribusi litologi. Vulkanostratigrafi daerah Mamuju diklasifikasikan ke dalam Khuluk Talaya dan Khuluk Adang. Khuluk Talaya terdiri atas Gumuk Mambi, Gumuk Malunda, dan Gumuk Kalukku. Khuluk Mamuju terdiri atas Gumuk Botteng, Gumuk Ahu, Gumuk Tapalang, Gumuk Adang, Gumuk Ampalas, Gumuk Sumare, dan Gumuk Labuhan Ranau. Mamuju and its surrounding area are constructed mainly by volcanic rocks. Volcanoclastic sedimentary rocks and limestones are laid above the volcanic rocks. Volcanic activities create some unique morphologies such as craters, lava domes, and pyroclastic flow paths as their volcanic products. These products are identified from their circular features characters on Landsat-8 imagery. After geometric and atmospheric corrections had been done, a visual interpretation on Landsat-8 imagery was conducted to identify structure, geomorphology, and geological condition of the area. Regional geological structures show trend to southeast – northwest direction which is affects the formation of Adang volcano. Geomorphology of the area are classified into 16 geomorphology units based on their genetic aspects, i.e Sumare fault block ridge, Mamuju cuesta ridge, Adang eruption crater, Labuhan Ranau eruption crater, Sumare eruption crater, Ampalas volcanic cone, Adang lava dome, Labuhan Ranau intrusion hill, Adang pyroclastic flow ridge, Sumare pyroclastic flow ridge, Adang volcanic remnant hills, Malunda volcanic remnant hills, Talaya volcanic remnant hills, Tapalang karst hills, Mamuju alluvium plains, and Karampuang reef terrace plains. Based on the Landsat-8 imagery interpretation result and field confirmation, the geology of Mamuju area is divided into volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. There are two groups of volcanic rocks; Talaya complex and Mamuju complex. The Talaya complex consists of Mambi, Malunda, and Kalukku volcanic rocks with andesitic composition, while Mamuju complex consist of Botteng, Ahu, Tapalang, Adang, Ampalas, Sumare, danLabuhanRanau volcanic rocks with andesite to leucitic basalt composition. The volcanostratigraphy of Mamuju area was constructed based on its structure, geomorphology and lithology distribution analysis. Volcanostratigraphy of Mamuju area is classified into Khuluk Talaya and Khuluk Mamuju. The Khuluk Talaya consists of Gumuk Mambi, Gumuk Malunda, and Gumuk Kalukku, while Khuluk Mamuju consists of Gumuk Botteng, Gumuk Ahu, Gumuk Tapalang, Gumuk Adang, Gumuk Ampalas, Gumuk Sumare, and Gumuk Labuhan Ranau.
Kalan is one of the focus areas for uranium exploration in West Borneo that conducted by BATAN. Situated in the central part of Kalan, previous works in Rabau Hulu Sector consisted of surface geology and radiometric anomaly mapping, trenching, drilling, logging, and conventional uranium resource estimation. Nevertheless, the complete resource estimation of the previous work was still using 2D modeling, and the latest one using 3D modeling is a method-application case study in one orebody. To increase the confidence level and completing the uranium resource estimation of all orebodies in this sector, a geostatistical estimation with 3D orebody modeling using SURPAC mine planning software was conducted in this paper. Gamma-ray log data from 32 drill holes were collected and then interpreted to obtain uranium grade-thickness data. Based on the correlation of grade-thickness data according to surface orebody orientation, the orebody 3D modeling was done. It resulted in 26 orebodies with one control system of lithology as the mineralization only taken place in the quartzite unit. This 3D model then used as a constraint for block model with 4x4x2 m block size and 0.25x0.25x0.125 m minimum block size. Block model calculation was performed using ordinary kriging which generated the kriging efficiency attribute for the determination of the resource category. Within 25 meters searching radius, the calculation resulted in 408, 480 tons of ore, while total uranium resource was 268 tons of uranium with 677 ppm average grade. There were 214 tons of uranium (79%) categorized as measured while the other 54 tons of uranium (21%) categorized as indicated.
ABSTRAKTerowongan eksplorasi uranium Eko Remaja, Kalan, Kalimantan Barat merupakan salah satu sarana penelitian cebakan uranium yang sangat penting. Terowongan ini dibangun tahun 1980 dengan panjang 618 meter dan menembus Bukit Eko di kedua sisinya. Batuan di terowongan ini relatif kompak, tetapi memiliki zona lemah di beberapa bagiannya. Penyanggaan merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk menanggulangi keruntuhan tanah dan batuan yang terjadi pada zona lemah di terowongan. Pemasangan penyangga yang selama ini dilakukan berdasarkan pola keruntuhan yang terjadi pada saat pembukaan terowongan tanpa melalui studi khusus menyangkut karakterisasi massa batuan dan kebutuhan sistem penyangga. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat keselamatan terowongan Eko-Remaja dan kesesuaian lokasi penyangga. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan karakteristik massa batuan menggunakan metode Rock Mass Rating (RMR) antara lokasi penyangga batuan terpasang dan lokasi penyangga batuan tidak terpasang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, nilai RMR pada lokasi terpasang penyangga diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelas IV atau batuan buruk. Sementara itu, di lokasi tidak terpasang penyangga batuan diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelas II atau batuan baik. Berdasarkan korelasi antara hasil perhitungan RMR dengan roof span terowongan Eko-Remaja disimpulkan bahwa posisi penyanggaan terowongan yang diwakili oleh lokasi pengamatan pada kedalaman 38 m, 73 m, dan 165 m sudah sesuai dengan sistem karakterisasi massa batuan menggunakan metode RMR. ABSTRACTEko-Remaja uranium exploration tunnel, Kalan, West Kalimantan is one of the important facilities for uranium deposit research. The tunnel was built in 1980 with a length of 618 meters penetrating Eko Hill on both sides. The rock inside the tunnel is relatively compact, but it has weak zones in some area. Ground supporting is a method used to overcome the soil and rock collapses which occurred in the tunnel weak zones. Installation of ground supporting system throughout the recent time based on the soil collapse pattern, which occurred when the tunnel opened without any specific study related to rock mass characterization and the requirement of ground support system. This research conducted to evaluate the safety level of Eko-Remaja tunnel and the suitability of ground support location. The evaluation performed by comparing the rock mass characteristics using Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method between the installed rock support and uninstalled rock support locations. Based on the analysis result, RMR value on the installed ground support is classified as class IV or poor rock. Meanwhile, on uninstalled location, the rock is classified as class II or fair rock. Based on the correlation between RMR calculation result and Eko-Remaja tunnel roof span, it is concluded that tunnel ground supports position which are represented by observation location on 38 m, 73 m, and 165 m depth are suitable with rock mass characterization system using RMR method.
Karakterisasi massa batuan diperlukan dalam suatu rancangan bukaan batuan, dimana perhitungan sifat-sifat teknis dari massa batuan menjadi hal yang penting untuk diperhatikan. Sektor Lemajung merupakan salah satu area prospek untuk penambangan uranium di Kalan, Kalimantan Barat. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan data karakteristik massa batuan yang merupakan data dasar bagi perencanaan pengembangan teknik penambangan cebakan bahan galian. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah dengan pengambilan contoh batuan untuk analisis laboratorium mekanika batuan, pengamatan rekahan, dan pengamatan kondisi airtanah. Parameter batuan yang dianalisis meliputi uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), rock quality designation (RQD), jarak rekahan, kondisi rekahan, dan airtanah. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa metalanau sebagai litologi yang mengandung uranium di Sektor Lemajung mempunyai nilai rock mass rating (RMR) sebesar 56 atau kelas massa batuan III: fair rock pada kedalaman sekitar 60 m, dan pada kedalaman 280 m nilai RMR mencapai 82 atau kelas massa batuan I: very good rock. Data nilai RMR tersebut selanjutnya dapat digunakan dalam analisis pembuatan terowongan pada model tambang bawah tanah atau analisis kestabilan lereng pada model tambang terbuka. Rock mass characterization is required in design of rock opening, which calculation of engineering characters of rock mass become one important parameter toconsider. Lemajung sector is one of prospect area for uranium mining in Kalan, West Kalimantan. Purpose of research is to acquire rock mass characteristicsas basic data for planning the development of mining technique of ore deposit. Methodology applied is rock sampling for rock mechanic laboratory analysis, observation of joints, and observation of groundwater condition. Rock parameters analyzed includes uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), rock quality designation (RQD), joint spacing, joint condition, and groundwater. Analysis concluded that metasiltstonewhich is lithology contained uranium in Lemajung Sector has rock mass rating (RMR) value of 56 or rock mass class III: fair rock in the depth of around 60 m, and in the depth of 280 m RMR value reach 82 or rock mass class I: very good rock. RMR value data furthermore could be used for analysis of tunneling in the model of underground mine or slope stability analysis in the model of open pit mine.
Manual ore body modeling on Remaja Sector, Kalan, West Kalimantan generally takes a long time and is subjective. On the other hand, automatic modeling (implicit modeling) is faster, objective, and equipped with uncertainty factors. This study aimed to analyze the comparison between the geostatistical Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) ore body model to the manual ore body model. The lithology database was used as input for variogram analysis and SIS simulation. The directional variogram was used to construct an experimental variogram for the lithology with orientation data. The orientation of the lithologies corresponds to the anisotropy of their variogram map. The SIS was carried out in Block A and Block B with block sizes of 6×6×6 m3 and 5×5×5 m3 respectively. The simulation results were processed to produce a lithology probability model. By using maximum probability as block lithology, simulation results were well validated by the composite database histogram, the lithologies along the tunnel on the geological map of level 450 masl of Eko Remaja Tunnel., and the lithologies along boreholes. The weakness of the geostatistical ore body model was the results depending on the input parameters. Meanwhile, several advantages of the geostatistical ore body model were a faster processing process, equipped with an uncertainty factor, and the block size of the model has taken into account the distance between grade data so that it can be used directly for grade estimation. Quantitatively, the geostatistical ore body model had a higher average percentage of conformity to the lithology of the mineralized zone along the borehole than the manual ore body model.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.