Background
Obesity contributes significantly to risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and especially for heart failure (HF). An elevated body mass index (BMI) in older adults might not carry the same risk as in younger adults, but measured weights at other lifetime points are often not available. We determined the associations of self‐reported weights from early‐ and mid‐adulthood, after accounting for measured weight at older age, with incident HF/ASCVD risk.
Methods and Results
We studied 6437 MESA (Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) participants (aged 45–84, free of baseline HF/ASCVD) with self‐reported weights at ages 20 and 40 years (by questionnaire), measured weights at up to 5 in‐person examinations (2000–2012), and follow‐up for adjudicated HF/ASCVD events. Participant mean±SD age at the baseline examination was 62.2±10.2 years. Over median follow‐up of 13 years, 290 HF and 828 ASCVD events occurred. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and baseline BMI, higher self‐reported weights at ages 20 and 40 years were independently associated with increased risk of incident HF with hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of 1.27 (1.07–1.50) and 1.36 (1.18–1.57), respectively, per 5‐kg/m
2
higher BMI. For incident ASCVD, only higher BMI at age 20 years was associated after accounting for current BMI (1.13 [1.01–1.26] per 5 kg/m
2
). Obesity during follow‐up examinations was also associated with incident HF (1.72 [1.21–2.45]) but not ASCVD.
Conclusions
Self‐reported lifetime weight is a low‐tech tool easily utilized in any clinical encounter. Although subject to recall bias, self‐reported weights may provide prognostic information about future HF risk, incremental to current BMI, in a multiethnic cohort of middle‐aged to older adults.
Clinical Trial Registration
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00005487.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to ascertain the substratum preferendum of Viviparus bengalensis and Melania scabra. When the food (Spirogyra) was offered both on stones and sand, the average distribution of V. bengalensis and M. scabra was I9% and io% on stone and 52% and 80% on sand respectively. In the absence of food from both stone and sand and also when sand alone was baited, both snails flocked principally towards sand. When stone alone was provided with food, V. bengalensis and M. scabra displayed 16% and 15% distribution on stone and 49% and 45% on sand respectively. Ecological significance of these results is discussed.one to the other. The pulmonate snail Physa integra prefers hard stony substrate whereas Heliosoma antrosa favours a substratum of sand (Clampitt, 1973). Calow (1974) emphasized the importance of stone texture as a determinant of the dispersal pattern for the pulmonates, Ancylusliaviatilis and Planorbis controtus.Since substratum preferendum of both these two very common prosobranchs has not been investigated, the present probe was undertaken to know whether, V. bengalensis and M. scabra are selective in their substratum.
A piece of shell was removed from Indoplanorbis exustus without injuring the mantle. Calcium was estimated from hepatopancreas, foot, mantle and shell at different intervals. It was observed that the calcium content of the shell was directly proportional to that in the mantle. The calcium content in the hepatopancreas showed an increase within 6 hours of injury and then decreased upto 44 hours. The foot showed an increase in calcium in the first 6 hours and reached a maximum after 96 hours after injury. The calcium, in the mantle also increased within 6 hours after injury, which increase exceeded that from the foot.
A study was made on I. exustus to observe the survival and osmotic regulation following transfer of snails from freshwater to different salt concentrations . The lethal salinity was found at o.5% salt concentration. It was observed that there was loss of chloride ions in distilled water whereas the snails gained chloride in different salt concentrations. The gain of chloride ions was found to increase with increasing salt concentration. The body weight changes in snails showed that there was increase in weight when placed in distilled water . In tapwater they showed little fluctuation, whereas weights decreased with increasing concentration of salt, thus suggesting that in hypotonic media the snails could regulate their water content, but in hypertonic media they lost considerable weight due to loss of water .
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