World-wide, Indonesia is ranked 17th in oral cancers, with deaths reaching 2.326 cases. Of the oral cancers, 90% are squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3). Unfortunately, conventional cancer therapy still has many ill side effects. Therefore, pharmacologists have looked for natural ingredients to prevent the growth of oral cancer cells. One source is Cymbopogon citratus leaf. Research shows that the active compound of C. citratus leaf is a chemopreventive, doing so by increasing the production of re-active oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The active compound of C. citratus leaf has low stability and solubility, so it is necessary to use an encapsulation matrix such as chitosan, and modify it into smaller particles to increase its effectiveness. Purpose is determining the effect of nano chitosan encapsulation of C. citratus leaf ethanol extract (NCECC) on the reactive oxygen species of HSC-3 tongue cancer cells. This study is divided into ten groups – without treatment, doxorubicin (positive control), hydrogen peroxide, nano chitosan and C. citratus leaf extract groups, and five groups of NCECC treatment – concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%, respectively. The 100% NCECC group showed the highest ROS concentration (p<0.05), compared to 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% NCECC groups, and the 100% NCECC was higher than the positive control group. NCECC is effective in inducing oxidative stress on HSC-3 through increased production of ROS. Moreover, the higher the encapsulation concentration given, the greater the increase in ROS production.
BACKGROUND: Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizomes have been demonstrated to have anticancer properties toward various types of cancer cells. The effect of C. xanthorrhiza rhizome extract (CXRE) on nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cells, including HONE-1 cell line has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, the effect of CXRE on the apoptosis of HONE-1 cells and its possible underlying mechanism are necessary to be explored.METHODS: C. xanthorrhiza rhizomes were minced, dried, extracted with distilled ethanol, filtered, and evaporated to produce CXRE. HONE-1 cells were seeded, starved, and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Doxorubicin, or various concentrations of CXRE. Treated HONE-1 cells were stained with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and the number of viable cells was counted. HONE-1 cells were also collected, lysed, and further processed for immunoblotting analysis to measure Bid activity.RESULTS: The number of viable HONE-1 cells decreased in concentration- and time-dependent manner. The number of viable cells in 50 and 250 μg/mL CXRE-treated groups were significantly lower compared with that in the DMSO-treated group after 24 h. At 48 h incubation period, the number of viable cells in 10, 50 and 250 μg/mL CXRE-treated groups were significantly lower compared with that in the DMSO-treated group. The number of viable cells in 250 μg/mL CXRE-treatment group was not significantly different compared with that in the Doxorubicin-treated group after 48 h. Bid expression levels in CXRE-treated groups were lower compared with that in the DMSO-treated group.CONCLUSION: CXRE could induce apoptosis via Bid activation, hence reducing the viability of HONE-1 cells.KEYWORDS: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, nasopharyngeal cancer, HONE-1 cells, apoptosis, Bid
ABSTRAK Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) yang diberlakukan di Indonesia mengharuskan masyarakat dari berbagai sektor melakukan kegiatan dari rumah, termasuk sektor pendidikan. Sektor pendidikan memberlakukan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) selama pandemi COVID-19, para siswa melakukan pembelajaran secara daring menggunakan gadget. Penggunaan gadget dalam waktu lama dengan postur buruk dan postur duduk yang tidak ergonomis dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada otot terutama otot leher, bahu dan punggung. Melakukan penyuluhan dan pelatihan secara daring dan luring untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa terhadap pencegahan nyeri otot selama pembelajaran jarak jauh masa pandemi COVID-19. Penyuluhan dan pelatihan dilakukan dengan kombinasi daring dan luring kepada 64 orang siswa SMP Islam Bahagia, Jakarta Barat. Penelitian deskriptif analitik secara cross-sectional dilakukan dengan menggunakan pre-test dan post-test untuk menilai tingkat pengetahuan. Terdapat peningkatan nilai rata-rata pada post-test dan hasil uji-T data berpasangan terhadap pre-test dan post-test para siswa menunjukkan ada perbedaan bermakna (p: 0,000) dengan nilai korelasi r: 0,638 (korelasi kuat). Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan siswa terhadap pencegahan nyeri otot selama pembelajaran jarak jauh masa pandemi COVID-19 melalui metode penyuluhan dan pelatihan secara daring dan luring. Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh, Gadget, Nyeri Otot, Postur Tubuh, Peregangan Otot ABSTRACT The Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB) implemented in Indonesia requires people from various sectors to carry out activities from home, including the education sector. The education sector applies distance learning (PJJ) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, students learn online using gadgets. The use of gadgets for a long time with poor posture and non-ergonomic sitting postures can cause muscle disorders, especially in the neck, shoulders, and back muscles. Conduct online and offline counseling and training to improve students' knowledge of preventing muscle pain during distance learning in the COVID-19 pandemic. Counseling and training were conducted using a combination of online and offline methods for 64 students at Bahagia Islamic Junior High School, West Jakarta. A cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted using a pre-test and post-test to assess the level of knowledge. Result: There was an increase in the average score on the post-test and the paired data T-test result on the students' pre-test and post-test showed that there was a significant difference (p: 0.000) with a correlation value of r: 0.638 (strong correlation). Conclusion: There was an improvement in students' knowledge of preventing muscle pain during distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic through online and offline counseling and training methods. Keywords: Distance Learning, Gadgets, Muscle Pain, Posture, Muscle Stretching
BACKGROUND: Formation of tumour mass is one symptom of osteosarcoma development. Caffeic acid has been known to provide effective treatment but has less side effect for some cancer therapy. Studies reported that caffeic acid might promote apoptosis in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, however, the effect of caffeic acid treatment in preventing tumour mass formation has not been well elucidated, especially in MG-63 cells-induced nude mice in vivo.METHODS: MG-63 cells were pre-treated with 0, 1, or 10 µg/mL caffeic acid, and 6 hours after pre-treatment, MG-63 cells were injected into subcutaneous space of mice to induce osteosarcoma. Another model was also created by subcutaneously injecting MG-63 cells to the back of mice, and after 48 days, the visible tumour mass was injected intra-tumour with 0 or 10 µg/mL caffeic acid every 7 days for 6 times. After 90 days, mice were anaesthetised, and the nodule pictures were taken for observation and measurement. RESULTS: In pre-treated MG-63 cells-induced mice, volumes of the mass decreased in reverse with the dose of caffeic acid given. Ten µg/mL caffeic acid pre-treatment was able to significantly lower the mass volume compared to the untreated (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the intra-tumour treatment of 10 µg/mL caffeic acid, even though not significant, was able to inhibit tumour mass formation.CONCLUSION: Results of caffeic acid pre-treatment and caffeic acid treatment in tumour mass of mice show that caffeic acid is able to inhibit the MG-63 cells formation. This suggests that caffeic acid can be a potential anti-cancer agent.KEYWORDS: caffeic acid, osteosarcoma, MG-63 cells, tumour mass
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