Aim: To investigate the existence of a bidirectional temporal relationship between periodontal condition and glycaemic status.Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study included 2198 participants with mean age 43.4 ± 7.7 years, who underwent dental examinations in Yokohama, Japan, at two time points, 2003-2004 and 2008-2009, at an interval of 5 years. Periodontal condition was assessed by the mean value of probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Glycaemic status was assessed by fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Results:The cross-lagged panel models showed the effect of HbA1c at baseline on mean PPD at follow-up (β = 0.044, p = .039). There was a marginal effect of fasting glucose on the mean PPD (β = 0.037, p = .059). It was similar to the effect of fasting glucose or HbAlc on mean CAL. However, in the opposite direction, no effect of mean PPD or CAL at baseline on fasting glucose or HbAlc at follow-up was identified.Conclusions: This study demonstrated a unidirectional relationship between glycaemic status and periodontal condition. The study population, however, had mostly mild periodontitis. Future studies are needed to investigate the effect of periodontal condition on glycaemic status in patients with severe periodontitis.blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin A, oral health, periodontitis Clinical RelevanceScientific rationale for study: Accumulating evidence suggests the inter-relationship between periodontal condition and glycaemic status. However, few studies have simultaneously examined the longitudinal association between them.Principal findings: Our results showed that glycaemic status at baseline was associated with periodontal condition over a 5-year period, while the opposite association was not found.Practical implications: Poor glycaemic status may predict worse periodontal conditions. Regular monitoring of glycaemic status may be beneficial in preventing periodontal disease.
Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) contains useful chemical compounds like alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and flavonoid which have an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial characteristics. Previous research shows red betel leaf has a better bactericidal profile than the green ones. The red betel leaf extract is already proven to disturbing the growth of periodontal causative bacteria in an earlier study. Any ingredient or chemical contents on food and drug shall run a toxicity test before permitted to use generally. This study’s purpose is to investigate the acute toxicity effect of red betel leaf extract as a periodontal pocket therapy ingredient. The acute toxicity experimental is conducted on Swiss webster mice which divided into six groups consisting of 4 males and four females each. The dose given to the subject is a single dose by the oral route as amount as the twice maximal tolerated dose that is 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, and 625 mg/kg BW. The weight of mice is measured every day from day-1 until day-14 after that (on day-15) the mice are cut to counting relative organ index. The collected data is analyzed using The One-way ANOVA test and continues with the posthoc Tucay test. This study result shows that red betel leaf extract with doses 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, and 625 mg/kg BW given acutely doesn’t generate a significant change in weight and relative organ index of the test’s subject. Based on this result, it can be concluded that red betel leaf extract is not toxic.
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