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Our data suggests that using video-assisted laryngoscopy for intubation puts a patient at significantly greater risk for injury compared to direct laryngoscopy. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:349-353, 2017.

analyse change with age. This series may form the basis for assessment of contrast sensitivity in children. Materials and methodsCaucasian children aged 3 to 15 years and adults 18 to 29 years were subjects in this study. In each age group approximately equal numbers of males and females were tested. All subjects were volunteers. 86% of them were given an ophthalmological examination. Those over 6 years were required to have an uncorrected Snellen acuity of 6/6 or better for distance and those under 6 years an uncorrected acuity of 6/9 by the E test. The 14% not given an ophthalmological test were distributed over all age groups.Vertical sinusoidal gratings were generated in the conventional way2 on a display monitor (Tektronix 604 P31 fast-decay phosphor). The average luminance was 9 cd/M2 and varied from peak to trough between 14 cd/m and 4 cd/M2 giving a maximum contrast value of 0 5, contrast being defined as (Lmax -Lmin/Lmax + Lmin) whtr8-Lmax and Lmin are the maximum and minimum luminances respectively of the gratings display. Observers sat 1 metre from the display, which was viewed binocularly with natural pupils through a circular window mounted on the face of the monitor such that the display subtended 6 degrees. The surround was approximately matched for luminance and colour. Room luminance was approximately 2 cd/M2. An experimenter sat beside the subject and showed samples of gratings, varying the spatial frequency and contrast. The subject's task was to report when any lines were visible. Special care was taken to ensure the instructions were understood. Subjects were asked to keep their heads straight and at the measured distance; this was checked on a video-863 on 12 May 2018 by guest. Protected by copyright.

Classification and characterization of neuronal types is critical for understanding their function and dysfunction. Neuronal classification schemes typically rely on measurements of electrophysiological, morphological and molecular features, but aligning these data sets has been challenging. Here, we present a unified classification of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the sole retinal output neurons. We used visually-evoked responses to classify 1777 mouse RGCs into 42 types. We also obtained morphological or transcriptomic data from subsets and used these measurements to align the functional classification to publicly available morphological and transcriptomic data sets. We created an online database that allows users to browse or download the data and to classify RGCs from their light responses using a machine-learning algorithm. This work provides a resource for studies of RGCs, their upstream circuits in the retina, and their projections in the brain, and establishes a framework for future efforts in neuronal classification and open data distribution.

The visual prognosis of patients suffering from retinal branch vein occlusion complicated by macular oedema is assessed in relation to the degress of capillary fallout. Extensive retinal capillary fallout associated with macular oedema was found to confer a poor visual prognosis in a series of 89 patients foNowed for an average time of 14 months. If the degree of capillary fallout associated with marular oedema was minimal, the visual prognosis was considerably improved. The most common cause of reduced central vision in retinal branch vein occlusions is macular oedema. Macular oedema complicates approximately 60% of temporal branch vein occlusions and becomes chronic in two-thuds of these cases.' ' Retinal branch vein occlusion is a common cause of retinal vascular disease and because macular oedema is a frequent complication, prognostic factors in these cases have been closely studied? From these investigations, suggested factors with prognostic signficance have been the site of occlusion, extent of the macular oedema and disruption of the foveal arcade. The retinal vasculature has been described as responding in two ways to venous occlusion.' The blood vessels may become dilated and leak as a result of disruption of the blood retinal barrier. Alternatively, an ischaemic change may occur and this is maiifested by capillary closure. It has been appreciated that these responses may co-exist but most investigators have discussed them separately, emphasising abnormal permeabdity alone as the cause of macular oedema. Method Eighty-nine consecutive patients suffering from retinal branch vein occlusion were examined by one of the authors and underwent retinal photography with fluorescein angiography. Results Forty-eight patients (53%) had detectable macular oedema on fluorescein angiography. The duration of symptoms before examination varied from six weeks to 28 months but most patients were seen two to three months after the onset of symptoms. The patients were followed for an average of 14 months with minimum follow-up time of five months. There was no significant sex difference (female 47'70, male 5370) and the average age of presentation was 63 years. The right eye was affected in 5570, the left in 41% and in 4% the retinal branch vein occlusions were bilateral. The site of occlusion is shown in Table 1 and the branch vein occlusions complicated by macular oedema had a similar distribution to the overall series. Of the 48 patients with macular oedema,

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SummaryRetinal branch vein occlusion is a common cause of retinal vascular disease and because macular oedema is a frequent complication, prognostic factors in these cases have been closely studied?From these investigations, suggested factors with prognostic signficance have been the site of occlusion, extent of the macular oedema and disruption of the foveal arcade.The retinal vasculature has been described as responding in two ways to venous occlusion.' The blood vessels may become dilated and leak as a result of disruption of the blood retinal barrier. Alternatively, an ischaemic change may occur and this is maiifested by capillary closure. It has been appreciated that these responses may co-exist but most investigators have discussed them separately, emphasising abnormal permeabdity alone as the cause of macular oedema. MethodEighty-nine consecutive patients suffering from retinal branch vein occlusion were examined by one of the authors and underwent retinal photography with fluorescein angiography. ResultsForty-eight patients (53%) had detectable macular oedema on fluorescein angiography. The duration of symptoms before examination varied from six weeks to 28 months but most patients were seen two to three months after the onset of symptoms. The patients were followed for an average of 14 months with minimum follow-up time of five months. There was no significant sex difference (female 47'70, male 5370) and the average age of presentation was 63 years. The right eye was affected in 5570, the left in 41% and in 4% the retinal branch vein occlusions were bilateral. The site of occlusion is shown in Table 1 and the branch vein occlusions complicated by macular oedema had a similar distribution to the overall series. Of the 48 patients with macular oedema,

No abstract