BACKGROUNDMetacarpal fractures are common in adolescents and young active individuals. Mostly these are treated by conservative methods. In unstable fractures where closed reduction and final outcome are unsatisfactory, there are multiple surgical options for treating metacarpal fractures like K-wire fixation, interosseous wiring, plate osteosynthesis, etc. In this study, we assess functional outcome of closed metacarpal fractures treated with plates and screws. MATERIALS AND METHODSBetween 2014 and 2016, 20 cases of closed metacarpal fractures were studied. Fracture was approached by dorsal incision. Plate configurations were chosen according to the fracture pattern (straight plate for shaft fractures, T or L configured plates were used for periarticular fractures) and fixed with screws. Post-operative physiotherapy and followup carried out. RESULTSIn our study, all the cases showed bone union (100%). The functional result assessed by American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) Total Active Flexion score showed excellent result in 80% of the patients (16 of 20 cases), good in 10% of cases (2 of 20 cases). Stable and rigid fixation allowed early mobilisation of fingers thereby preventing stiffness and achieved overall good functional results. Although there were 10% (2 cases) of superficial infections, all settled with regular dressing and antibiotics without affecting final functional outcome. The overall results are satisfactory. CONCLUSIONPlate and screw fixation is a good option for treating closed unstable metacarpal fractures, where other modalities of fixation are less effective. The rigid stable fixation provided by plating which withstands load without failure allowed early mobilisation and achieved good functional results.
Beam forming system helps in quality communication by increasing the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The purpose of this system is to recover the source signal from the interference. This paper explains the concept and algorithms of beam forming based on review of relevant literature. Conventional methods as well as advanced algorithms regarding acoustic beam forming are discussed. There are basically two types of beam formers, signal independent beam formers or conventional beam formers and signal dependent beam formers or adaptive beam formers. The main purpose is to allow signal from a desired direction and to remove interference. This paper theoretically compares the features of various techniques, to enable the use of appropriate ones for acoustic beam forming.
Beam forming is a technique in signal processing
Abstract-Crosstalk is a phenomenon by which signals from one channel interfere with the signals of another. In this work, we have investigated the applications of cross talk elimination in interferometer, telecommunications, biomedicine, etc. to improve the performance in these areas. This paper discusses the various algorithms and techniques used to reduce cross talk with their trade-offs. A novel technique is proposed based on performance parameters of different multipliers and FFT method for the analysis of the said algorithms. The hardware utilization of a filter using truncated multiplier is efficient as there is a reduction of 73.64% in hardware with respect to FFT method while with normal cascade network multiplier the reduction is 83.87%.Index Terms-Adaptive filter, cross talk, fast block least mean square algorithm, fast block least mean square algorithm with distributed arithmetic, FFT, FIR Filter, least Mean square, multipliers. I. INTRODUCTIONCrosstalk is the phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel as shown in Fig. 1. Crosstalk elimination is necessary to increase Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). It is the undesired effect caused by coupling capacitance of the network. As technology is decreasing in size, we find it all the more important to keep interferences like crosstalk at bay. Main elimination techniques involve the phenomenon of digital filtering. Filtering can be either IIR or FIR. According to S. Hernandez-Montero etal [1], an FFT based technique is also proposed which tends to show high performance than linear phase digital filtering for high optimization of FPGA based interferometry which is used to measure the line electron density in plasmas. Adaptive filtering is another field which explores cross talk reduction using different Manuscript received February 11, 2014; revised May 20, 2014 [3]. A study of different multipliers is done as it contributes to the complexity of any filter structure. Based on the performance analysis of these different filters, the desired structure is used to construct the said above elimination techniques and tradeoffs will be observed.This paper discusses the review on crosstalk reduction techniques and algorithm in Section II while Section III gives an idea regarding design simulation and analysis. Section IV deals with the proposed structure for cross talk elimination and Section V concludes our paper. II. CROSSTALK REDUCTION TECHNIQUES AND ALGORITHMS: A REVIEWAccording to the various research papers, we are concerned with the different reduction techniques based on filtering and FFT. Let us analyse the above said reduction techniques and their dependence on the various parameters involved.A. FIR Filter FIR filter or Finite Impulse Response filter is a type of digital filter where the filter response to inputs are finite as it settles to zero after a finite amount of time. FIR filters are bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stables since output is a sum of finite number of fin...
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