Herein,
we report the surface functionality of dicationic cysteamine
conjugated cholic acid (DCaC), dicationic cysteamine conjugated deoxycholic
acid (DCaDC), and dicationic cysteamine conjugated lithocholic acid
(DCaLC) templated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on mammalian cells. The
haemocompatibility of the synthesized NPs was evaluated by in vitro
hemolysis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate using human red blood
cells (RBCs). In all of the systems, no toxicity was observed on human
erythrocytes (RBCs) up to the concentration of 120 μg/mL. The
anticancer activity of these dicationic amphiphile-stabilized AuNPs
on A549 lung cancer cells was demonstrated by in vitro cell viability
assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species estimation by DCFH-DA,
apoptosis analysis using AO-EtBr fluorescence staining, DNA fragmentation
analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis, and western blot analysis
of caspase-3 expression. These results suggest that the cytotoxicity
of AuNPs to A549 cells increase with the dose and hydrophobicity of
amphiphiles and were found to be in the order: DCaLC-AuNPs > DCaDC-AuNPs
> DCaC-AuNPs.
The
present article reports the development of sunlight-mediated
rapid synthesis of bile acid derived dicationic amphiphiles, namely,
dicationic cysteamine-conjugated cholic acid (DCaC), dicationic cysteamine-conjugated
deoxycholic acid (DCaDC), and dicationic cysteamine-conjugated lithocholic
acid (DCaLC) by adopting thiol–yne click chemistry approach.
The auric chloride (AuHCl
4
) induced micellization of amphiphiles
from fractal pattern to chainlike aggregates was examined by critical
micelle concentration measurements, quenching studies, field emission
scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy techniques. The
micelles thus formed act as ideal templates for the stabilization
of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and exhibit good stability for more
than 6 months. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV–visible
spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, DLS,
zeta potential, and contact angle measurements. These NPs showed high
salt tolerance, and the levels were found to be 420, 460, and 580
mM for DCaC-, DCaDC-, and DCaLC-capped AuNPs, respectively.
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