Television viewing has a great impact on various aspects of child's life. This study was carried out at Sir Padampat Mother & Child Health Institute, Jaipur (Rajasthan). The aim was to study the effects of television viewing on a child's eating habits, general physical health, physical activities, interest in study and school performance. Only 250 children of 3-10 years age groups were studied for a period of nine months (January 1992 to September 1992). Average duration of television exposure to an individual child was 18.5 hours per week in the study. Significant changes were observed in a childs' eating habits, weight, physical activity, sleep pattern, interest in study and general physical health. Increase in weight was observed in 19.6% children suggesting that the television viewing may predispose to childhood obesity. In 30.4% cases decrease in physical activity was found, 18.4% children showed decreased interest in study, while 10% children showed decrease in school performance, and sleep pattern was disturbed in 24% children. Medical problems were found in 11.6% children. Significantly two children had precipitation of fits on television viewing.
SUMMARYVentral incisional hernias with hepatic herniation are extremely rare. Only six cases have been reported so far in the literature. We report a case of a ventral incisional hernia with hepatic herniation along with a review of the literature. A 70-year-old female patient with a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery 6 months earlier, was admitted to our hospital with symptoms of epigastric swelling and discomfort for 3 months. On examination, she had a mild tender 5 cm×5 cm epigastric lump and was diagnosed as ventral incisional hernia. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen revealed a ventral hernia with herniation of omentum and left hepatic lobe. The patient underwent onlay mesh repair and is asymptomatic at 1-month follow-up. There is a need for evaluation of risk factors for this type of ventral incisional hernia and to recognise it as a special entity. BACKGROUND
Carcinosarcoma, also known as metaplastic carcinoma, is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor. We report a case of metaplastic carcinoma presenting as inflammatory carcinoma and provide a review of the related literature. A 38-year-old breastfeeding woman presented with concerns about a painful lump in her left breast. The symptoms had been present for two months. After admission to the hospital, the triple assessment revealed findings consistent with inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. The patient underwent modified radical mastectomy. Histopathological examination revealed a gray-white tumor with a biphasic pattern with features of ductal carcinoma as well as squamous and sarcomatous differentiation. On immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin and vimentin, and focally positive for smooth muscle antigen (SMA) and negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2/neu). Based on histological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as carcinosarcoma. Four of eighteen dissected axillary lymph nodes were positive for metastasis. Carcinosarcoma is often a triple-negative tumor. The lack of standardized treatment protocols frequently leads to poor prognosis and can pose a diagnostic dilemma; it should be part of the differential diagnosis for a case of carcinoma of the breast presenting as inflammatory carcinoma.
Background: The breast is a dynamic structure that undergoes cyclical changes throughout the menstrual cycle. Any aberration from normal physiological changes in breast produces different problem in breast. Many drugs are used for treatment for these disorders like Danazol, Bromocriptine, Tamoxifen and LH-RH analogue but still no consensus for any drug is present.Methods: The aim of our study was to analyze the effectiveness of drug Centchroman and its comparison with Danazol in treatment of benign breast disorders in respect to symptoms relief, decrease in nodularity and lump size, recurrence, cost and side effects of drug. This prospective study was conducted on 250 patients of benign breast disorders attending surgical OPD between May 2018 to September 2019 in SMS medical college and Hospital, Jaipur.Results: Tolerance and improvements in symptoms in centchroman group was more than danazol (100% vs 92.8%) with less recurrence in former group. While side effects varied between the two groups with menstrual irregularities more common in centchroman group.Conclusions: The study shows that centchroman is safe, more effective and less expensive to Danazol for the treatment of benign breast disorders in long term.
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