Adequately, as far as the global system is concerned with the variation in the climatic condition, the frequency of disaster is rising, resulting in various damages to the power grid. To cope with the power network problems due to disasters such as grid outages, frequency, and voltage deviation, the network should be incorporated with numerous distributed generations such as solar and wind. During the disaster condition, these distributed fossil generations form Microgrids (MGs) by disconnecting itself from the grid and maintain power flow to the local region. Besides, the negative impacts on the environment, such as carbon emission has reduced by using Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Apart from reducing carbon emission (as in the case of fossil fuel generation plants), RES based microgrid also useful for the resilient distribution system. However, high penetration of distributed generation, for a resilient system that can survive at least its critical loads during extreme disaster conditions, requires robust architecture and communication between the devices of a microgrid. This article presents the latest review of the various classification of microgrid architecture along with the technical characteristics of energy storage devices, various communication channels and discover the gaps to form a bridge between microgrid in normal and abnormal (during a climatic disaster) conditions. In addition, alteration in control techniques for Alternative Current and Direct Current microgrid for robust MGs is presented systematically. Furthermore, the latest developments with sectionalizer placement to provide the steps to achieve near-real-time data and necessary actions required to take during or before the actual disaster are also presented in a systematic manner.
Pseudocysts of the spleen are very rare, found in <1% of the splenectomies done and usually develop secondary to trauma. Pseudocysts of spleen rarely grow to large size and most of these remain asymptomatic, they require exploration only in symptomatic cases and chances for spleen preservation in these cases are usually less. Here, we present two cases of this rare entity developing secondary to abdominal trauma in the past, both presented with complaints of pain and lump in the abdomen. After thorough investigations, laparotomy was done preserving spleen in one case and doing splenectomy in the other. On histopathological examination, diagnosis of splenic pseudocysts was confirmed by the absence of lining epithelium. We would like to report these two cases because of their rarity and as diagnostic dilemmas.
In recent days, aiming for power generation with less carbon emission, led to the high penetration of renewable energy into the distribution grid. To improve the intermittency caused by renewables and to increase the grid flexibility, grid integrated Energy Storage Units (ESUs) are proposed as the promising solution in the literature. However, considering the investment cost, ESUs are optimally placed by satisfying the network electrical constraints. On the other hand, consideration of environmental impacts and other practical constraints are also equally important. Therefore, in this article, on top of grid performance parameters, realistic parameters that may affect the location and its size such as (1) environmental impact, (2) land requirement & its associated cost for ESU installation and (3) renewable purchase obligation are formulated in the objective function. Decision making on ESU installation is a planning activity, which follows uncertainty. Consequently, it is essential to model the uncertainty parameters into the objective function, for better planning. In this article, optimal planning of hybrid ESUs based on realistic parameters along with uncertainty is addressed. For this study, a practical 156-bus distribution system of Dehradun district, India is considered. From the results obtained, it is evident that, formulating hybrid ESU constrained with the environmental impact has significantly decreased the emission of CO2 with maximum grid stability. INDEX TERMS Batteries, distributed power generation, environmental economics, power system planning, sustainable development.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.