Background: Diabetes is a silent killer. Looking at the alarming presence of diabetes and its morbidity and mortality in India, we need to diagnose this metabolic disorder accurately and at the earliest. We have carried out this study to determine correlation of fasting blood glucose, post meal blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and to find the cut off value of glycosylated haemoglobin to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 298 cases of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending a tertiary care centre in Maharashtra during August 2018 to August 2020. Results and Conclusions: Majority were males and in the age group of 41 to 50 years. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) and Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPBS) are strongly correlated to Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c). Association between FBS and PPBS is statistically significant. Correlation of PPBS and HbA1c is stronger than that of FBS and HbA1c. Cut off level of HbA1c is higher in the study subjects in comparison to standard cut off value of 6.5%.
Introduction: Severe COVID-19 can lead to critical illness, with Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) and Multi-organ Failure (MOF) as its primary complications, eventually followed by intravascular coagulopathy. Haematological changes are common in patients with COVID-19, which include reduced lymphocyte count and platelet count but normal white blood cell count and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Using a simple test like platelet count for assessing the risk of mortality and early identification of severe cases will help in preventing the life threatening complications in patients of COVID-19. Aims and Objectives: To study trends of thrombocytopenia in patients of COVID-19 and to study the correlation between thrombocytopenia and severity of cases of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in Central Clinical Laboratory in a tertiary care centre. A total of 138 random subjects who were admitted in the COVID ICU were included after they satisfied the eligibility criteria. The CBCs were analyzed on the Beckmann Coulter automated cell count analyzer with EDTA samples obtained from peripheral venipuncture of the patients. Platelet trends over the three samples were studied. Results: An average of all three platelets counts for the patients revealed an overall decreasing trend in cases of non survivors, whereas an overall upward trend was noted in the survivors. A total of 79 patients showed thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 1.5 lakhs/mm3), during at least one of the tests.46 (33.33%) of these patients succumbed, whereas 33 (23.9%) patients survived. Decreasing trends or overall decreasing trends (Increasing then decreasing) were observed in larger number of non survivors as compared to survivors. Also increasing or overall increasing trends (decreasing then increasing) were common in the survivors. Discussion: Hematological changes are common in SARS patients. For thrombocytopenia, the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV associated thrombocytopenia may include, 1. Direct infection of megakaryocytes and platelets potentially, inducing cell apoptosis and growth inhibition and/or 2. Immune damage of megakaryocyte progenitor cells or platelets; In addition, the lung damage in SARS patients may also play a role in inducing thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: In this study, we found that platelet count may be a simple, economic, rapid and commonly available laboratory parameter that could straightforwardly discriminate between COVID patients with and without severe disease, while the study of serial platelets counts as trends could help identifying those with a serious risk of mortality.
For early screening of the cervical lesion cervical smear is a sensitive test and most widely used system for describing Pap smear result is The Bethesda System. Aims and Objectives : The present study was conducted to look for the epithelial cell abnormalities in cervix using Bethesda system of reporting for cervical cytology, to implicate The Bethesda System of reporting (2014) during assessment of Pap smear, to detect cervical cancer and its pre-cancerous lesions (LSIL-Low grade intraepithelial lesion and HSIL-High grade intraepithelial lesion) at an early stage by Pap smear examination and to create awareness about cervical cancer and importance of Pap smear as a screening test in disease prevention. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken at a tertiary health care, out of 250 cervical smears, we excluded 10 smears which were inadequate to opine. So, the total of 240 smears got reported according to The Bethesda System 2014. Observations and Results: The youngest patient was 18 year old and the oldest was 75 year old female. A total of 4% Pap smears were reported as unsatisfactory. The most common complaint of patients was discharge per vaginum which accounts for a total of 38% followed by abdominal pain is showed in 8% of cases. The most common infection was bacterial vaginosis followed by candida, Trichomonas. The frequency of normal (NILM) cases was 78%.ASCUS was found in 4.58%, LSIL was found in 9.17%, HSIL was found in 1.67% & SCC was found in 3.33% cases. Proportion of LSIL was more in age group 41-50 years i.e. 21.15 %. Conclusion : Pap test has significant utility worldwide. Bethesda system used for cervical cytology is not only a uniform & standard method but also gives descriptive diagnosis that helps clinicians in individualized patient management. It helps in preventing invasive cervical cancer by detecting & treating women with precancerous lesions & the effectiveness is determined by reduction in incidence & mortality.
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