Background Some latest estimates show that approximately 95% of Americans own a smartphone with numerous functions such as SMS text messaging, the ability to take high-resolution pictures, and mobile software apps. Mobile health apps focusing on vaccination and immunization have proliferated in the digital health information technology market. Mobile health apps have the potential to positively affect vaccination coverage. However, their general functionality, user and disease coverage, and exchange of information have not been comprehensively studied or evaluated computationally. Objective The primary aim of this study is to develop a computational method to explore the descriptive, usability, information exchange, and privacy features of vaccination apps, which can inform vaccination app design. Furthermore, we sought to identify potential limitations and drawbacks in the apps’ design, readability, and information exchange abilities. Methods A comprehensive codebook was developed to conduct a content analysis on vaccination apps’ descriptive, usability, information exchange, and privacy features. The search and selection process for vaccination-related apps was conducted from March to May 2019. We identified a total of 211 apps across both platforms, with iOS and Android representing 62.1% (131/211) and 37.9% (80/211) of the apps, respectively. Of the 211 apps, 119 (56.4%) were included in the final study analysis, with 42 features evaluated according to the developed codebook. The apps selected were a mix of apps used in the United States and internationally. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Furthermore, cluster analysis was used with unsupervised machine learning to determine patterns within the data to group the apps based on preselected features. Results The results indicated that readability and information exchange were highly correlated features based on principal component analysis. Of the 119 apps, 53 (44.5%) were iOS apps, 55 (46.2%) were for the Android operating system, and 11 (9.2%) could be found on both platforms. Cluster 1 of the k-means analysis contained 22.7% (27/119) of the apps; these were shown to have the highest percentage of features represented among the selected features. Conclusions We conclude that our computational method was able to identify important features of vaccination apps correlating with end user experience and categorize those apps through cluster analysis. Collaborating with clinical health providers and public health officials during design and development can improve the overall functionality of the apps.
BACKGROUND Vaccines and immunizations are among the greatest public health accomplishments in disease prevention. Vaccinations not only protect the vaccinated individual but also others in the community. However, inadequate access to healthcare, a fragmented vaccine delivery system, vaccine hesitancy, and lack of vaccine literacy are some of the barriers for vaccination delivery faced by medical professionals and public health agencies. With information technology (IT) at the forefront of delivering quality healthcare, emerging vaccine mHealth technology can positively impact vaccination and immunization practice and benefit individuals, families, and the community. Smartphone apps focused on vaccination and immunizations have proliferated in the digital healthcare market, though their functionality, features, user reviews and limitations have not been comprehensively studied or evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate available vaccine apps on their functionality and features through a rigorous and systematic review with content analysis. Furthermore, we seek to identify potential limitations and drawbacks in the app's design, readability, and information exchange ability. Lastly, we propose recommendations and innovations that can be incorporated in current and future vaccine apps for improved user experience and user acceptance. METHODS Vaccine related apps from Android and iOS platforms were systematically searched and selected from the period between January to December 2019. A total of 119 apps were included in this review with 42 features evaluated according to the codebook guidelines. The apps selected were a mix of apps used in the United States and some used internationally, though Homebrew and Sideload apps were excluded. A comprehensive code book was developed to conduct content analysis on app functionalities and app features. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Further, cluster analysis was used with unsupervised machine learning to determine patterns within the data to group the apps based on pre-selected features. RESULTS The results indicate that readability (quality of being easy to read and understand) of the apps were highly correlated features. When examining the apps star rating score, iOS apps had an average star rating of 0.83 per Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) as compared to 2.63 for Android. Both the iOS and Android based apps had the privacy statements available with an average of 824.91 words. Cluster one of the K-means analysis contained 27 apps; they were shown to have the most expert involvement, personalized recommendations, and readability among all five clusters. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that most of the apps evaluated were well received by end users. Privacy and security concerns around collection, storage and sharing of health data were addressed. Collaboration with health providers and public health officials during design and development can improve the overall functionality of the apps.
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