Meningiomas are common tumors that account for approximately one third of CNS tumors diagnosed every year. They are classified by the World Health Organization in grades I-III. Higher grades have an increased rate of growth, invasiveness, rate of recurrence, and worse outcomes than lower grades. Most meningiomas are grade I, while ~18% of meningiomas are grade II and III in hospital-based series. Meningiomas are typically “benign” tumors that are treated with surgery and radiation. However, when they recur or are unresectable, treatment options are very limited, especially since they are chemotherapy-resistant. Recent advances in the treatment of cancers with immunotherapy have focused on checkpoint blockade as well as other types of immunotherapy. There is emerging evidence supporting the use of immunotherapy as a potentially effective treatment strategy for meningioma patients. The immune microenvironment of meningiomas is a complex interplay of genetic alterations, immunomodulatory protein expression, and tumor-immune cell interactions. Meningiomas are known to be infiltrated by immune cells including microglia, macrophages, B-cells, and T-cells. Several mechanisms contribute to decreased an ti-tumor immune response, allowing tumor growth and evasion of the immune system. We discuss the most current knowledge on the immune micro-environment of meningiomas, preclinical findings of immunotherapy in meningiomas, meningioma immunotherapy clinical trials, and also offer insight into future prospects for immunotherapies in meningiomas.
Meningiomas are the most common primary tumor of the CNS, and although they usually have a good prognosis, meningiomas can metastasize to extracranial sites, greatly worsening the prognosis. Due to its infrequency, the clinical and molecular risk factors associated with this event are poorly characterized in the literature. A 69-year-old man was found to have a meningioma in the left parieto-occipital parafalcine region. Over the subsequent decade, the patient experienced multiple local tumor recurrences, including with invasion through the scalp and superior sagittal sinus. The tumor was WHO grade 2-3 and next-generation sequencing was notable for TERT promoter mutation, homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, and high variant allele frequency of NF2. The tumor metastasized to the axial and appendicular skeleton, liver, kidney, and lung, and the patient ultimately succumbed to disease. In summary, this is the first report of multiple simultaneous and anatomically-distinct extracranial metastases from a primary intracranial meningioma.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.