The current regime of Ethiopia (EPRDF) implemented ethnic federalism and reshaped the state along ethnic lines as soon as it assumes political power in 1991. As an exception to the general pattern in Africa the Ethiopian government, though not explicitly, encourages political parties to organize beside ethnic lines, and champions an ethicized federal state with a secession option, it is a worthy case study. This desk study, used secondary sources of data got from numerous literatures, aims to identify the nexus between ethnic federalism in creating national identity in relation with nation building. Although the Constitution embodies a doctrine of balance between unity and diversity to build one economic and political community by rectifying” past injustices”, politicization of ethnicity under the context of ethnic federalism has encouraged ethnic cleavages by forming distinctiveness and differences which is a backlash against nation building and shared aspirations. Therefore, there is the need for visionary thinking outside the box of past injustices so that the antithesis for these injustices is not taken too far to the extent of derailing shared identity and shared aspirations. Ethnic Federalism may lead the country into never-ending ethnic wars and eventually to disintegration. Thus, ethnic conflicts prevailing in Ethiopia may be caused by such technicality problems and the ethnic federal arrangement in Ethiopia needs an urgent reconsideration before the case moves to the worst scenario.
Information on the extent of genetic variability and association among quantitative traits are vital for any crop improvement program and the development of suitable selection strategies. Limited research has been carried out thus far on potato genetic variability and trait association. This study on genetic variability and association among quantitative traits was conducted to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and agronomic traits to identify superior varieties for the breeding program. To this effect, 20 improved varieties and a local cultivar were planted at two locations in central Ethiopia during the main cropping season of 2017/18 in a randomized complete block design using three replications. Analysis of variance of tuber yield and yield traits at each location and over locations, revealed the existence of highly significant (P < 0.01) differences among varieties in all agronomic and yield traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation values ranged from 0.75% (specific gravity) to 32.22% (total starch yield) while the genotypic coefficient of variation values ranged between 0.70% (specific gravity) to 30.22% (total starch yield). Maximum difference between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation values were noted for stem number, average tuber number, average tuber weight, number of leaves per plant and tuber yield. Hence, these traits are substantially influenced by the physiological status of the seed tuber at planting and by the environment, post emergence. Range of variability for most of the traits was high, indicating ample scope for selection and improvement in these traits. The estimated values for broad sense heritability and genetic advance, as percent of mean, ranged from 33.52% to 98.66% and 1.35% to 58.26%, respectively. All the traits had high heritability values, except average tuber number per hill, days to physiological maturity, average tuber weight and number of leaves per plant with moderate heritability values.
Since introduction of rice into Uganda in 1904, improvement of the irrigated and rain-fed lowland types was undertaken to address a number of production and quality constraints in three consecutive and overlapping phases. The initial phase was achieved through evaluation of introduction, selection of promising lines and subsequent release of the selected lines for production by the farmers. In the second phase, genetic potential of traits and characteristics of interest were analyzed and used to guide selection of suitable parents for hybridization and the third phase employed genotyping approach in screening and selection of the parental lines and the segregating populations to enhance the breeding efficiency for the traits of importance. Simultaneously, the key production constraints addressed included resistance to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), rice blast, bacterial leaf blight and narrow leaf spot diseases as well as submergence tolerance and cold tolerance. The quality traits considered for the improvement alongside the grain yield parameters were the grain aroma, amylose content, shape and size. These interventions have resulted into release and wide adoption of seven rice varieties in Uganda besides several breeding lines which have informally diffused into different major rice production agro-ecology. Subsequently, it can be concluded that a substantially strong and functional breeding platform for rice in Uganda has been established.
Kulumsa-1 is a common name for the linseed variety developed through selection from the variety known as Chilallo, the linseed variety released nationally in 1992, which is a population. Kulumsa-1 was selected, developed and released by Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center for major linseed growing areas of Ethiopia. Specifically, it was tested at Kulumsa,
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