Theoretical and empirical studies show that the level and volatility of exchange rates can have significant effects on foreign direct investment (FDI). But the evidence is ambiguous, with the impact of exchange rates being heterogeneous across countries and types of investment, and varying over time. Fixed exchange rate regimes may stimulate investment, but largely because of their indirect benefits for the investment climate rather than because of lower currency volatility, especially in larger economies. Careful judgements still need to be made about the appropriate entry rate, since real exchange rate levels can have a long-lasting impact on the spatial distribution of economic activities and living standards. Copyright (c) Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2003.

This paper explores the relationship between the relocation of international production and exports of services from the United States using a number of different panel data estimators for six different categories of services. A conventional export demand relationship is augmented by three different measures of the extent of international production relocation by US-based parent companies in service and non-service industries. Our results reveal considerable heterogeneity in the relationship...

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