The subjects of the Late Neolithic cave paintings in İnkaya Cave, Balıkesir are life and death. It is seen that the panels representing Life are based on the formation of a fetus inside a pregnant woman’s abdomen, its development then birth, and the celebration of a new individual joining the community, alongside an emphasis on the shaman’s function throughout this process. Similar subjects in the Neolithic Age in Anatolia are presented to the viewer from different perspectives in cave paintings, reliefs and figurines showing scenes that depict sexuality, pregnant women, and childbirth. The successful use of the “X-ray” style in the creation of the İnkaya Cave painting in the Neolithic period fills a gap in the history of Anatolian painting and sculpture.
Summary
This essay introduces two newly discovered Neolithic sites identified through the archaeological surveys conducted in the hinterland of the Troad in north‐western Turkey. Most of our knowledge about the Neolithic period of the region comes from the coastal site of Coşkuntepe, as well as Uğurlu on the island of Gökçeada (Imbros) and Karağaçtepe (Protesilas) on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The lack of evidence for Neolithic habitation in the hinterland of the region was apparently due to the state of research. The recently discovered rock shelter‐type site of Evkayası and the mound of Taraçcı imply that the hinterland of the Troad also bears traces of Neolithic habitation. Each of these sites yielded a single obsidian artefact of Melian origin, suggesting that these two settlements were on a land‐based route that connected the Gulf of Edremit with the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara.
Im 8./7. Jahrtausend v. Chr. traten in Anatolien erste metallurgische Aktivitäten in Erscheinung, im 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. und später wies die metallurgische Technologie dann eine rasche Entwicklung auf. Diese technologischen Entwicklungen können dank der bei archäologischen Grabungen entdeckten Werkstätten und der Metallfunde verfolgt werden. Auf einem Teil der Metallfunde aus Anatolien befinden sich verschiedenförmige einfache Zeichen. Wenn auch allgemein die Ansicht vertreten wird, dass diese Zeichen jeweils einer bestimmten Werkstatt oder einem bestimmten Metallmeister zuzuordnen seien, so sind die aus Anatolien bekannten Zeichen bisher doch noch nicht näher untersucht worden. Aber auch wir vertreten nach der genauen Untersuchung von Metallfunden aus dem Anatolien der ersten Hälfte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. die Auffassung, dass es sich bei dem auf 18 Pfeilspitzen festgestellten Zeichen aus drei Kerben ebenso wie bei den Zeichen aus früheren Epochen um ein einer bestimmten Werkstatt oder einem bestimmten Metallmeister zuzuordnendes Zeichen handelt. Bei diesen in Zentral- und Nordanatolien verbreiteten und den Skythen zuzuschreibenden Pfeilspitzen handelt es sich um Gegenstände, die uns auch hinsichtlich der Verbreitung und der politischen Aktivitäten dieser Gesellschaften in der Mitte des 7./6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. wichtige Hinweise geben können.
Metal objects and findings that suggest metallurgy activities were discovered in the Early Bronze Age architectural layers of the Mezraa Höyük. Among the finds were two crucible fragments and a casting mould. Analysis of the metal fragments preserved on the crucible parts revealed the presence of arsenical copper. Pins with forms that were well known in the Middle Euphrates Region during the Early Bronze Age make up another group of findings. In analysis, one pin was determined to be an arsenical copper alloy and the other a tin-copper alloy. This data proves that metallurgical activities were present in the second half of the Early Bronze Age and that the alloy arsenical copper was produced.
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