Our data suggested that chronic use of cannabinoids can lead to deterioration of hematopoietic cells. Chronic use of cannabinoids was consistent with subthreshold/subclinical megaloblastic anemia with iron deficiency. Inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil and monocyte counts were higher in SG compared to CG. Thus, recovery of subclinical hematological parameters should be considered in cannabis use disorder patients.

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The long-term use of opioids leads alternations in both innate-adaptive immune systems and other diagnostic hematologic cells. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the alterations of these parameters in patients with heroin/opioid addictions. Adults, meeting the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria of the American Psychiatric Association regarding opioid use disorder (Heroin Group or HG, n = 51) and healthy controls (Control Group or CG, n = 50), were included in the study. All hematological parameters, inflammation indexes (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio), and iron panel were compared with the controls. Mean corpuscular volume, red blood cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, and total iron-binding capacity were significantly higher in HG compared to CG, while red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron levels were significantly lower. Additionally, platelet and platelet distribution width were significantly high while mean platelet volume was low in HG. Regarding the parameters related to immunity, white blood cell, neutrophil count, and neutrophil percentage were significantly high while lymphocyte percentage and basophils count were significantly low. Besides, inflammatory indexes were significantly higher in HG compared to CG. Intravenous administration of heroin resulted in lower levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume than inhalation and intranasal administration. Our data demonstrated that chronic use of opioids is related to all of the hematologic series. The chronic use of opioid alters the immunologic balance in favor of innate immunity cells and changes the hematometric/morphometric characteristics of erythrocytes. What is more, the route of heroin administration should be taken into consideration as well. This study may lead to a better understanding of the hematological effects of heroin/opioid use in patients with relevant addictions.

ObjectivesInteractions between neuropeptides and psychiatric disorders have been investigated for many years. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxytocin (OXT), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and assess their interactions with each other, as well as investigate these changes with the manifestations of schizophrenia.Participants and methodsThirty-four individuals having acute schizophrenia and 24 healthy individuals as the control group were included in the study. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales, Global Assessment of Functionality score, and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores were measured. Serum hormone levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and were compared with the clinical findings.ResultsOXT levels were significantly lower and AVP levels were significantly higher in patients having acute schizophrenia than the control group. OXT was negatively correlated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales positive score and CGI score, while it was positively correlated with Global Assessment of Functionality score. AVP was negatively correlated with CGI score. ANP levels of the patients having schizophrenia were lower than the control group; however, there was no significant correlation with clinical findings.ConclusionThe obtained data indicate that the AVP level was higher, but OXT and ANP levels were lower in the patients having acute schizophrenia. Specifically OXT is related with reduced disease severity and increased functionality.

Objective:High altitude and hypoxic preconditioning have cardioprotective effects by increasing coronary vascularity, reducing post-ischemic injury, and improving cardiac function. Our purpose was to examine if intermittent hypoxia treatment has any restoring effects related to the possible role of the HIF-1/VEGF pathway on diabetic cardiomyopathy.Methods:Wistar Albino male rats (n=34) were divided into four groups: control (C), intermittent hypoxia (IH), diabetes mellitus (DM), and diabetes mellitus plus intermittent hypoxia (DM+IH). Following a streptozotocin (STZ) injection (50 mg/kg, i.p.), blood glucose levels of 250 mg/dL and above were considered as DM. IH and DM+IH groups were exposed to hypoxia 6 h/day for 42 days at a pressure corresponding to 3000 m altitude. Twenty-four hours after the IH protocol, hearts were excised. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained apical parts of the left ventricles were evaluated. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor 164 (VEGF164), and VEGF188 polymerase chain reaction products were run in agarose gel electrophoresis. Band density analysis of UV camera images was performed using Image J. The data were compared by one-way ANOVA, repeated measures two-way ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test.Results:The percent weight change was lower in the DM group than in the controls (p=0.004). The tissue injury was the highest in the DM group and the least in the IH group. Diabetes decreased, whereas the IH treatment increased the vascularity. A decrease was observed in the VEGF188 mRNA levels in the DM+IH group compared with the C group, but there were no difference in HIF-1α and VEGF164 mRNA levels between the groups.Conclusion:The IH treatment restored the diabetic effects on the heart by reducing tissue injury and increasing the capillarity without transcriptional changes in HIF-1/VEGF correspondingly.

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Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of p-Coumaric Acid (p-CA) on tissue damage due to ischemia-reperfusion in rat kidney tissue. ( Sakarya Med J 2018, 8(3):625-631)Methods Thirty-two 12-16 week-old Wistar Albino female rats weighing 200-250 g were used in this study. Rats underwent right nephrectomy intraperitoneally with an incision made in the dorsal region under ketamine (75 mg/kg) and xylazine (8 mg/kg) anesthesia. These rats were randomly divided into four groups in equal numbers (n = 8). Groups were classifi ed as the sham (S), renal ischemia-reperfusion (R-IR), 50 mg/kg p-CA with R-IR (p-CA 50), and 100 mg/kg p-CA with R-IR (p-CA 100). After the dorsum of all rats was opened and the right nephrectomy was performed, all groups except sham were clamped on the left renal artery and ischemia and reperfusion protocol was performed. P-CA was administered in two doses, 60 min before ischemia and 30 min before reperfusion. Total antioxidant levels (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels of left kidney were measured spectrophotometrically, and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated.Results TOS, MDA, MPO, and OSI values increased in R-IR group compared to S (p <0.01), while TAS and SOD values decreased. Increase in TAS and SOD values, a decrease in TOS, MDA, MPO, and OSI values were observed in P-CA applied groups (p <0.05).Conclusion Our fi ndings indicate that p-CA administration in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury may play a role in protecting tissue by reducing oxidant damage.

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