Although, export plays a vital role in an economy, there have been wide variations in countries export performance. The objective of this study was examining the determinants of export performance in Ethiopia using time series data running from 1981 to 2018 through employing Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The stationarity properties of the data was detected using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the result indicates all the variables are stationary at level and first difference evidencing the effectiveness of ARDL model. The ARDL bound test used to test the existence of long-run link among the variables and the result confirmed that there is long run relationship between export and independent variables. The diagnostic test results also show that the model does not suffer from non-normality, heteroscedasticity, serial correlation and instability of parameters. The long-run coefficient result for our model evident that foreign direct investment and per capita GDP are positively associated with exports in Ethiopia while rate of inflation has negative and significant effect. In the short run dynamics, ECM model results reveals that FDI, per capita GDP and capital formation are significant and positively affect the export performance of Ethiopia in the short run. However, the rate of inflation still negatively and significantly affect the export in the short run. The Policies measures that geared towards improvement in real per capita GDP, attractive to FDI and economic stability would improve export performance.
Increasing market participation among smallholder farmers have a big potential to uplift living standards of poor through increasing production and consumption pattern. Although, smallholder farming made 95% of total crop production in Ethiopia, they are exposed to a marketing bottleneck that hinders benefits from their produce. The objective of this study was analyzing factors determining smallholder Teff farmer decision to participate in output market and level of marketed output.The study used data from 190 respondents from four selected Teff dominant kebeles of Gena-Bossa districts in Dawro Zone, through structured questioner. This investigation was imperative because no adequate research has been done in study area in examining the hindering factors of farmers’ market participation. Moreover, in the prior study, different authors come up with varied outcomes in diverse country and geographic location concerning poor farmers’ market participation decision. The descriptive statistics and Heckman two stage econometric methods were employed to analyze data collected from sampled household. The significance of coefficient of inverse Mill’s ratio ( ) indicates the presence of self-selection bias and the effectiveness of applying Heckman two stage model. The results of study show that the smallholder decision to participate in output market were positively influenced by size of land holding, availability of family labor force, education status of household head, accessibility of credit service and access to market price information. On the other hand, size of family member, sex of house hold head being female and distance to market place discourage probability of Teff farmer market participation decision. Moreover, the second stage estimation reveals that, the education status of house hold head, size of farm land, amount of Teff crop produced, accessibility of market information, the size of family labor force and being member to farm cooperative increase the quantity of marketable output, whereas, large number of family size decline the level of Teff crops marketed. The policy that assist poor farmers in obtaining market skills; create affordable credit service; strengthen community based producer groups and capacitating the females socially and economically in the community believed to minimize the problems encountering small farmers in a way to market their crop
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