In the mid-16th century the English began to expand their merchant and fighting navies to sail beyond the waters of north-west Europe. This necessitated mathematical navigation, charts, and written and illustrated sailing directions; all, from the 1580s, were embodied in the printed ‘waggoners’ of the Dutch and were used in translation by the English seamen.
I.C., occupied the Chair, and the meeting was divided into afternoon and evening sessions. Each of the six papers, which are summarised below, was followed by a lively discussion.
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