Self-efficacy in study-related skills was the critical academic self-efficacy variable in this study. It may play an important role in maintaining challenge appraisals to maintain pleasant emotions and better academic performance. Accordingly, practitioners in higher education may wish to consider the value of assessing and developing students' self-efficacy in relation to their independent study skills.

This systematic literature review appraises critically the mediating variables of stereotype threat. A bibliographic search was conducted across electronic databases between 1995 and 2015. The search identified 45 experiments from 38 articles and 17 unique proposed mediators that were categorized into affective/subjective (n = 6), cognitive (n = 7) and motivational mechanisms (n = 4). Empirical support was accrued for mediators such as anxiety, negative thinking, and mind-wandering, which are suggested to co-opt working memory resources under stereotype threat. Other research points to the assertion that stereotype threatened individuals may be motivated to disconfirm negative stereotypes, which can have a paradoxical effect of hampering performance. However, stereotype threat appears to affect diverse social groups in different ways, with no one mediator providing unequivocal empirical support. Underpinned by the multi-threat framework, the discussion postulates that different forms of stereotype threat may be mediated by distinct mechanisms.

This systematic literature review appraises critically the mediating variables of stereotypethreat. A bibliographic search was conducted across electronic databases between 1995and 2015. The search identified 45 experiments from 38 articles and 17 unique proposedmediators that were categorized into affective/subjective (n = 6), cognitive (n = 7) and motivationalmechanisms (n = 4). Empirical support was accrued for mediators such as anxiety,negative thinking, and mind-wandering, which are suggested to co-opt working memoryresources under stereotype threat. Other research points to the assertion that stereotypethreatened individuals may be motivated to disconfirm negative stereotypes, which canhave a paradoxical effect of hampering performance. However, stereotype threat appearsto affect diverse social groups in different ways, with no one mediator providing unequivocalempirical support. Underpinned by the multi-threat framework, the discussion postulatesthat different forms of stereotype threat may be mediated by distinct mechanisms.

Background: Personal financial literacy is associated with successfully managing debt, investing for retirement, and coping with financial strain. Though medical students occupy a financially unique niche due to high debt, little is known about their financial literacy. In this study, the authors' objective was to assess financial literacy among medical students and to evaluate demographic, educational, and financial factors associated with financial literacy.

Physical activity is a health behavior contributing to successful weight management.Adults with overweight and obesity find it challenging to meet recommended activity guidelines because of a range of barriers, some of which are not yet fully understood.A barrier receiving limited consideration, compared with other literature within this field, is that of fear. The purpose of this scoping review was to establish the extent of literature on fear-related barriers to physical activity in adults with overweight or obesity and to identify gaps in this literature. The review followed the scoping review framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The findings of the identified papers were charted thematically using a framework of fears and age group. In total, 34 studies were included that identified nine different fears related to barriers to activity in this population. However, only a small number of studies (n = 5) had explicitly intended to explore fear-related barriers. There were notable knowledge gaps including activity-related fear of pain and movement in adults under 45 years of age. There is a strong rationale to further explore these fears because they may restrict health promoting behavior.