No abstract

The thermal activation of cellulose by initial glycosidic bond cleavage determines the overall rate of conversion to organic products for energy applications. Here, the kinetics of ether scission by transglycosylation of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds was measured using the “pulse-heated analysis of solid reactions” (PHASR) method from 400 to 500 °C. Levoglucosan (LGA) formation from cellulose was temporally resolved over the full extent of conversion, which was interpreted via a coupled reactant–product evolution model to determine an apparent barrier of LGA formation of 27.9 kcal mol–1. In parallel, LGA formation from the glucose monomer of cellobiosan was measured at temperatures between 380 and 430 °C by isotopically labeling the 13C1 carbon; an apparent activation energy of LGA formation was measured as 26.9 ± 1.9 kcal mol–1. The unusually low activation barrier for LGA formation at lower temperature is in agreement with previous PHASR studies for cellulose breakdown and is indicative of catalytic rather than thermal C–O bond activation. A catalytic mechanism was proposed wherein vicinal hydroxyl groups from neighboring cellulose sheets promote transglycosidic C–O bond activation. First-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that these vicinal hydroxyl groups cooperatively act to create an environment that (a) stabilizes charged transition states and (b) aids in proton transfer, thus leading to reduced activation barriers for transglycosylation. Models incorporating intrasheet H bonding of cellulose were also used to establish their influence on kinetics. The calculated apparent barrier (29.5 kcal mol–1) agreed well with the experimental apparent activation energy (26.9 ± 1.9 kcal mol–1) and establishes the dominant mode for cellulose activation and subsequent levoglucosan formation at lower temperatures (<467 °C) as site-specific, vicinal hydroxyl-catalyzed transglycosylation.

Isosorbide is a rigid, sugar-derived building block that has shown promise in high-performance materials, albeit with a lack of available controlled polymerization methods. To this end, we provide mechanistic insights into the cationic and quasi-zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of an annulated isosorbide derivative (1,4:2,5:3,6-trianhydro-d-mannitol, 5). Ring-opening selectivity of this tricyclic ether was achieved, and the polymerization is selectively directed toward different macromolecular architectures, allowing for formation of either linear or cyclic polymers. Notably, straightforward recycling of unreacted monomer can be accomplished via sublimation. This work provides the first platform for tailored polymer architectures from isosorbide via ROP.

We report the rapid, one-pot synthesis of functional polycarbonates derived from renewable alcohols (i.e., glucose tetraacetate, acetyl isosorbide, lauryl alcohol, and ethanol) and a cyclic carbonate bearing an imidazolecarboxylate. This tandem functionalization/ring-opening polymerization strategy can be performed on multigram scale and eliminates the need for rigorous purification and specialized equipment. A wide range of glass transition temperatures (T g) was accessible from these renewable pendant groups (>75 °C T g window). We also synthesized several statistical copolycarbonates to show the thermal properties can be tailored with this tandem method. Additionally, we demonstrate a circular polymer economy via chemical recycling to a cyclic carbonate precursor. This work may facilitate development of sustainable polycarbonates with tailored properties that work toward eliminating plastic waste streams.

We report the facile synthesis and characterization of 1,6-α linked functional stereoregular polysaccharides from biomass-derived levoglucosan via cationic ring-opening polymerization (cROP). Levoglucosan is a bicyclic acetal with rich hydroxyl functionality,...