The aim of this study was to characterize insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in Zucker fatty rats and to provide insight into the therapeutic mechanism by which rosiglitazone increases insulinstimulated glucose disposal in these rats. Metabolic parameters were measured using combined in vivo 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure skeletal muscle glucose uptake and its distributed fluxes (glycogen synthesis and glycolysis), and 31 P NMR was used to measure simultaneous changes in glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in awake Zucker fatty rats. [G-6-P] increased in the FRSG and LC groups versus baseline during the clamp (13.0 ؎ 11.1 and 16.9 ؎ 5.8%, respectively), whereas [G-6-P] in the FC group decreased (؊23.3 ؎ 13.4%, P < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in intramyocellular glucose, as measured by biochemical assay. These data suggest that the increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in muscle after rosiglitazone treatment can be attributed to a normalization of glucose transport and metabolism.
Background/Aim: To describe a case of invasive orbital aspergillosis and evaluate treatments and outcomes. Methods: A case report and review of orbital aspergillosis treatment with voriconazole in the English language literature. Conclusion: Amphotericin B with debridement is the current standard of care for orbital aspergillosis; however, its prognosis is unfavorable. When compared to amphotericin B, voriconazole demonstrates a survival benefit, has less systemic toxicity, and is better tolerated by patients. While a prospective trial comparing amphotericin B to voriconazole in orbital aspergillosis is not feasible, there is evidence to support the use of voriconazole as primary therapy.
Purpose: To report a case of peripheral ulcerative keratitis and necrotizing scleritis precipitated by trauma in a patient with mixed cryoglobulinemia due to hepatitis C viral infection. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 62-year-old man with a history of mixed cryoglobulinemia developed an episode of necrotizing scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis one month after repair of a traumatic scleral defect with patch grafting. This episode resolved following treatment with high-dose corticosteroids and the patient underwent successful repeat patch grafting along with a free conjunctival autograft. This is the second reported case of necrotizing scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Conclusion: Ophthalmologists should be aware of the association between mixed cryoglobulinemia and necrotizing scleritis/peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Patients with this condition experiencing ocular trauma or undergoing ocular surgery should be monitored closely.
The observation that the novel G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR14 and its cognate ligand, urotensin-II (U-II), are expressed within the mammalian vasculature raises the possibility that they may influence cardiohemodynamic homeostasis. To this end, this study examined the vasoactive properties of U-II in rodents, dogs and primates. In vitro, human U-II was a sustained vasoconstrictor with a potency (pD2s < or = 9) approximately an order of magnitude greater than that seen with endothelin-1 (ET-1), making it one of the most, if not the most, potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to date. However, in vitro responses exhibited significant anatomical and/or species-dependency, that is, human U-II was a selective 'aorto-coronary' vasoconstrictor in rats and dogs, inactive in mice and contracted all primate arteries studied. In vivo, this peptide evoked a complex, dose-dependent hemodynamic response in the anesthetized primate, culminating in severe myocardial depression and fatal circulatory collapse. As such, U-II may represent a novel neurohumoral regulator of mammalian cardiovascular physiology and pathology in particular disorders characterized by aberrant vascular smooth muscle and/or myocardial function.
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