This paper introduces a novel algorithm that increases the efficiency of the current cloud-based smart-parking system and develops a network architecture based on the Internet-of-Things technology. This paper proposed a system that helps users automatically find a free parking space at the least cost based on new performance metrics to calculate the user parking cost by considering the distance and the total number of free places in each car park. This cost will be used to offer a solution of finding an available parking space upon a request by the user and a solution of suggesting a new car park if the current car park is full. The simulation results show that the algorithm helps improve the probability of successful parking and minimizes the user waiting time. We also successfully implemented the proposed system in the real world.INDEX TERMS Smart-parking system, performance metrics.

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Featuring direct communications between two user equipments (UEs) without signal relay through a base station, 3GPP sidelink transmissions have manifested their crucial roles in the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced (LTE-A) for public safety and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services. With this successful development in LTE-A, the evolution of sidelink transmissions continues in 3GPP New Radio (NR), which renders sidelink an inevitable component as well as downlink and uplink. Targeting at offering low latency, high reliability and high throughout V2X services for advanced driving use cases, a number of new sidelink functions not provided in the LTE-A are supported in NR, including the feedback channel, grant-free access, enhanced channel sensing procedure, and new control channel design. To fully comprehend these new functions, this paper therefore provides essential knowledge of 3GPP NR sidelink transmissions, including the physical layer structure, resource allocation mechanisms, resource sensing and selection procedures, synchronization, and quality-of-service (QoS) management. Furthermore, this paper also provides performance evaluation to assess the gains brought from the new control channel design. As NR sidelink transmissions have been regarded as a foundation to provide advanced services other than V2X in future releases (e.g., advanced relay), potential enhancements are also discussed to serve the urgent demand in corresponding normative works.

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