RESUMOAvaliou-se a influência do Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) sobre adultos de Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório a 28 ± 2 o C, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. B. thuringiensis foi aplicado com pulverização sobre adultos, e fornecido através de solução aquosa de mel a 50% e em adição à pasta Cândi, utilizando o produto comercial Dipel ® PM. Esse produto quando aplicado com pulverização ou incorporado à pasta Cândi ou à solução aquosa de mel provocou mortalidade de adultos de A. mellifera em todas as concentrações utilizadas, com exceção de 0,25 g de Dipel ® /100 mL adicionado à solução aquosa de mel a 50%. Ao ser incorporado à pasta Cândi, a CL 50 correspondeu a 0,325 g e a CL 90 2,127 g do B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki/60 g de pasta. Adicionado à solução aquosa de mel a 50%, a CL 50 foi de 1,403 g e a CL 90 foi de 7,759 g do B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki/100 mL de solução. Sintomas de infecção pelo B. thuringiensis foram identificados nas abelhas adultas e através do isolamento obteve-se uma cultura dessa bactéria o que comprovou a patogenicidade para adultos de A. mellifera. Termos para indexação:Abelha, toxicidade, inseticida biológico. ABSTRACTThe effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) on adults of Apis mellifera Linnaeus were evaluated. The bioassays were carried out under controlled conditions at 25±2 o C, RH 70±10% and 12-h photophase. Adults of A. mellifera were exposed to the commercial product Dipel ® PM. The following methods were used: direct spraying; supplying Bt with honey aqueous solution; and by a Candy paste added to Bt. B. thuringiensis caused mortality on A. mellifera adults, independent of the method used, except at 0.25 g of Bt/100 mL added to the honey aqueous solution. B. thuringiensis added to the Candy paste showed CL 50 and CL 90 of 0.325 g and 2.127 g of the product to 60 g of Candy paste, respectively. Dipel ® PM added to the honey aqueous solution showed CL 50 and CL 90 of 1.403 g and 7.759 g of B. thuringiensis/100 mL, respectively. Infection symptoms by B. thuringiensis were identified on bees adult and by isolation of this bacterium, the toxicity of B. thuringiensis on A. mellifera was confirmed.
II Controle de plantas daninhas em cultivos orgânicos de soja por meio de descarga elétricaWeed control in organic soybean using electrical discharge (ii) 2000rpm; (iii) 1600rpm; and two checks [(iv) unweeded control and (v)
Efficiency ofthuringiensis var. kurstaki por meio de pulverização, imersão dos favos e também foi incorporada à dieta artificial fornecida às lagartas de terceiro ínstar da traça da cera. A aplicação do produto fitossanitário por meio da pulverização dos favos mostrou-se eficiente no controle de lagartas, atingindo níveis iguais ou superiores a 85% de mortalidade quando foram utilizados 5 g/100 mL de água. Na aplicação por imersão dos favos, todas as dosagens testadas foram eficientes atingindo até 100% de mortalidade. Adicionada à dieta artificial, a concentração com maior porcentagem de mortalidade foi de 10 g/60 g de dieta. Sintomas de infecção pelo B. thuringiensis foram identificados nas lagartas e o isolamento da bactéria, por meio de uma cultura de Bacillus, comprovou a causa da morte desses insetos em todas as dosagens da formulação comercial do B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki utilizadas. TERMOS PARA INDEXAÇÃO:Traça da cera, controle biológico, abelha. ABSTRACTThis research aim at evaluating the efficiency of Bacillus thruringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) in the control of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus).The experiments were conducted in the Insect Biology Laboratory of the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de Lavras -UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil, at 28±2 o C, RH 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis. var. kurstaki was applied through spraying, comb soaking and also incorporated into the artificial diet fed to third instar caterpillars of the greater wax moth. Application of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki through the spraying of the combs was efficient for control, reaching levels equal or larger than 85% of mortality when 5 g/100 mL of water were utilized. In the application by soaking of the combs all the dosages tested were efficient reaching up to 100% of mortality. Added to the artificial diet, the concentration with the greatest percentage of mortality was of 10 g/60 g of diet. Symptoms of infection by B. thruringiensis were identified both in the caterpillars and the isolation of the bacterium through a culture of Bacillus, proved to be the responsible of mortality of those insects at all the dosages of commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki utilized. INDEX TERMS:Greater wax moth, biological control, bee.
RESUMOEm época de escassez de néctar, pode-se fornecer ao enxame uma suplementação alimentar utilizando "açúcar invertido" que é obtido pela hidrólise da sacarose em meio ácido por aquecimento, formando uma mistura de glicose e frutose. O ácido normalmente utilizado em tal reação é o ácido cítrico, no entanto, diante da dificuldade de pequenos produtores apícolas em obterem tal produto comercialmente, uma alternativa seria substituí-lo pela utilização de suco de limões. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a inversão da sacarose em dietas para operárias de Apis mellifera, empregando-se o ácido cítrico e sucos de limões. Prepararam-se 21 soluções aquosas de açúcar cristal na proporção de 100 g/100 mL, colocando-se em cada uma 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 ou 20,0 mL de suco dos limões Galego [Citrus aurantifolia (C.) Swingle], Tahiti [Citrus latifolia Tanaka] ou Cravo [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck]. Além dessas, outras seis soluções aquosas de açúcar na mesma proporção foram preparadas adicionando-se 0,1; 0,16; 0,3; 0,5 e 0,7 g de ácido cítrico e uma para testemunha. Quantificou-se a inversão pelo método de Somogyi-Nelson. Para o limão Cravo foi encontrada a menor porcentagem de inversão. Em relação a adição de ácido cítrico, constatou-se que ao colocar 0,1 g, a inversão foi estimada em 12,2% enquanto que, com a adição de 0,16 g, a inversão seria de 18,8%. A quantidade máxima de ácido cítrico a ser adicionada foi estimada em 0,18 g adotando como critério o pH médio de 3,3 dos méis de abelhas africanizadas. Para os sucos dos limões Galego, Tahiti e Cravo, quando utilizados como substitutos do ácido cítrico, estimou-se a quantidade máxima a ser adicionada sendo igual a 2,1; 3,6 e 5,3 mL, respectivamente, para cada 100 g de açúcar em 100 mL de água, para o pH fixado em 3,3. Considerandose a inversão e o pH, o suco do limão Tahiti forneceu melhores resultados. Termos para indexação:Citrus, açúcar, abelha, alimentação. ABSTRACTIn times of nectar shortage, food supplementation using "inverted sugar" obtained by sucrose hydrolysis in an acid environment by heating can be supplied to the hive, forming a glucose and fructose mixture. The acid usually used in such a reaction is the citric acid, however, due to the difficulty that small producers have to obtain the product commercially, an alternative would be to replace it with lemon juice. The objective of this work was to quantify the inversion of sucrose present in Apis mellifera worker diets by employing commercial citric acid and lemon juice. A total of 21 aqueous solutions of granulated sugar at the proportion of 100 g/100 mL were prepared, placing in each one 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0 or 20.0 mL of the juices of the Galego [Citrus aurantifolia (C.) Swingle], Tahiti [Citrus latifolia Tanaka] or Cravo [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck] lemon varieties. In addition to those, six other aqueous sucrose solutions were prepared by adding 0.0 (control); 0.16; 0.3; 0.5 and 0.7 g citric acid. Sucrose inversion was quantified by using the Somogyi-Nelson method....
Stingless bee Trigona spinipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is an important pest of calla lily, Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.), damaging flowers, especially the spadix. The aim was to identify the most efficient packaging for bagging calla lily inflorescences, aiming to protect against the attack of stingless bee and to maintain postharvest quality. The experiment was carried out in a calla lily plantation cultivated in soil under 50% shading screen. Treatments consisted in bagging calla lily flowers with: 1) brown kraft paper bag, 2) non-woven fabric (NWF) bag; 3) transparent plastic bag, 4) transparent micro-perforated plastic bag and 5) control (without bagging). The experimental design was completely randomized with 25 replicates and one inflorescence per plot. Inflorescences received treatments when they presented definitive color, but still with completely closed spathe. Seven days after bagging, inflorescences were collected and evaluated for damages caused by insects in the field and the postharvest characteristics. Postharvest quality evaluations of inflorescences were performed for 12 days, observing expansion of the spathe in length and width, stem weight and visual quality expressed by the number of days that remained in each class. The bagging of calla lily inflorescences was efficient in the control of stingless bee, regardless of packaging used, because under these conditions, no inflorescence presented damage. In control, 84% of damaged inflorescences were observed. Differences in postharvest characteristics were observed and inflorescences remained for longer periods in the process of spathe opening, which is characterized by the measurement of their length and width, when packed. Among packages, NWF allowed longer spathe length at the 6th day of evaluation, larger width at 7th day of evaluation and less fresh mass loss at the end of the experiment (8%). In control, reduction of spathe measurements from the first day of evaluation and loss of 11% of fresh mass were observed. It was concluded that NWF is an efficient packaging to protect calla lily against the attack of stingless bee without compromising the postharvest quality of inflorescences.
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