We explore the dynamics of real house prices by estimating serial correlation and mean reversion coefficients from a panel data set of 62 metro areas from 1979-1995. The serial correlation and reversion parameters are then shown to vary cross sectionally with city size, real income growth, population growth, and real construction costs. Serial correlation is higher in metro areas with higher real income, population growth and real construction costs. Mean reversion is greater in large metro areas and faster-growing cities with lower construction costs. Empirically, substantial overshooting of prices can occur in high real construction cost areas, which have high serial correlation and low mean reversion, such as the coastal cities of Boston,

This research analyzes the dynamic properties of the difference equation that arises when markets exhibit serial correlation and mean reversion. We identify the correlation and reversion parameters for which prices will overshoot equilibrium ("cycles") and/or diverge permanently from equilibrium. We then estimate the serial correlation and mean reversion coefficients from a large panel data set of 62 metro areas from 1979 to 1995 conditional on a set of economic variables that proxy for information costs, supply costs and expectations. Serial correlation is higher in metro areas with higher real incomes, population growth and real construction costs. Mean reversion is greater in large metro areas and faster growing cities with lower construction costs. The average fitted values for mean reversion and serial correlation lie in the convergent oscillatory region, but specific observations fall in both the damped and oscillatory regions and in both the convergent and divergent regions. Thus, the dynamic properties of housing markets are specific to the given time and location being considered. Copyright 2004 by the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association

This paper analyzes a simple model of an urban area with growth and uncertainty. Household income, rents, and prices for land follow stochastic processes. Even though investors are risk neutral, uncertainty affects both land rents and land prices in equilibrium because the conversion of land from agricultural to urban use is irreversible. Growth, on the other hand, affects urban and agricultural land prices but not the level of rents. We show that uncertainty 6) delays the conversion of land from agricultural to urban use, (ii) imparts an option value to agricultural land, (iii) causes land at the boundary to sell for more than its opportunity cost in other uses, and (iv) reduces equilibrium city size. 8 1990 Academic press, IK.

We explore the role of expected cash‐flow volatility as a determinant of dividend policy both theoretically and empirically. Our simple one‐period model demonstrates that, given the existence of a stock‐price penalty associated with dividend cuts, managers rationally pay out lower levels of dividends when future cash flows are less certain. The empirical results use a sample of REITs from 1985 to 1992 and confirm that payout ratios are lower for firms with higher expected cash‐flow volatility as measured by leverage, size and property‐level diversification. These results are consistent with information‐based explanations of dividend policy but not with agency‐cost theories.

We trace the effects of corporate focus by examining the relationships among focus, cash flows and firm value. In contrast to past studies that examine the effects of diversifying across SIC-code-defined industries, we show that diversification, even within a single industry, reduces value. Our evidence, drawn from a panel of real estate investment trusts, indicates that this reduction is not due to poor managerial performance. Project-level cash flows are actually higher for less focused firms. However, these gains are offset by higher management, administrative and interest expenses. Thus, the corporate cash flows available to shareholders are not related to focus. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that links the effect of focus on value to informational asymmetries which cause the equity of diversified firms to be less liquid. We attribute some of the effect of focus on the cost of both debt and equity to informational asymmetries or transparency costs. Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.