Case summaryAn 11-month-old female neutered domestic shorthair cat presented for further investigation of a 1 month history of generalised tonic–clonic seizures. Physical examination revealed microphthalmia of the left eye and right-sided hemiparesis. MRI of the brain and cranial neck was performed using a 1.5-Tesla system. MRI revealed a left frontoethmoidal encephalocele and microphthalmia of the left eye. Conservative treatment with antiepileptic medication was elected. The cat was managed on phenobarbitone and levetiracetam. Seizures have remained well controlled 12 months post-diagnosis.Relevance and novel informationThis is the first known case report of a frontoethmoidal encephalocele in a cat. This case was presented to increase clinical awareness of this congenital malformation and as a differential diagnosis for any young cat that presents with seizures.
All drugs appear to have no efficacy in vitro for the treatment of RGM infections.
Background: Isavuconazole is a triazole antifungal drug that has shown good efficacy in human patients. Absorption and pharmacokinetics have not been evaluated in cats.Objectives: To determine the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in cats given a single IV or PO dose.Animals: Eight healthy, adult research cats.Methods: Four cats received 100 mg capsules of isavuconazole PO. Four cats received 5 mg/kg isavuconazole solution IV. Serum was collected at predetermined intervals for analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a 2-compartment uniform weighting pharmacokinetic analysis with lag time for PO administration and a 2 compartment, 1/y 2 weighting for IV administration. Predicted 24 and 48-hour dosing intervals of 100 mg isavuconazole administered PO were modeled and in vitro plasma protein binding was assessed.Results: Both PO and IV drug administration resulted in high serum concentrations.Intravenous and PO formulations of isavuconazole appear to be able to be used interchangeably. Peak serum isavuconazole concentrations occurred 5 ± 3.8 hours after PO administration with an elimination rate half-life of 66.2 ± 55.3 hours. Intersubject variability was apparent in both the PO and IV groups. Two cats vomited 6 to 8 hours after PO administration. No adverse effects were observed in the IV group.Oral bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 88%. Serum protein binding was calculated to be approximately 99.0% ± 0.03%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Isavuconazole might prove to be useful in cats with fungal disease given its favorable pharmacokinetics. Additional studies on safety, efficacy, and tolerability of long-term isavuconazole use are needed.
Case series summaryThis case series describes two cats diagnosed with oesophageal obstruction due to trichobezoars. Both cases presented for acute dyspnoea, with thoracic radiographs revealing changes consistent with oesophageal foreign material causing ventral displacement of the trachea. Endoscopic removal was unsuccessful and both cases required surgical intervention. Case 1 died within 24 h of trichobezoar removal, likely from aspiration pneumonia. Case 2 developed laryngeal collapse 10 days after trichobezoar removal and required a permanent tracheostomy. Case 2 has been followed up for >1 year without any further complications.Relevance and novel informationThere is minimal published information on oesophageal trichobezoars in cats. These cases provide information on presentation, radiographic findings and complications associated with oesophageal trichobezoars. The intention of this case series is to increase the index of suspicion for this syndrome among clinicians treating feline patients.
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical findings and outcomes of Australian cats and dogs with CNS cryptococcosis. ANIMALS 19 cats and 31 dogs with CNS cryptococcosis diagnosed between 2000 and 2020. PROCEDURES A case series and cohort study were performed using the same 50 animals. Both studies were multi-institutional and both retrospective and prospective. Disease features were compared between cats and dogs, and associations between putative risk factors and survival time (ST) were assessed. RESULTS Dogs were younger at initial presentation than cats and had lower latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination titers. Extraneurologic signs were common and frequently involved sinonasal and contiguous tissues. Neuroanatomic localization was predominantly forebrain, central vestibular (including cerebellum), multifocal, or diffuse. CSF analysis predominantly showed pleocytosis, with eosinophilic inflammation common in dogs. Seventy-eight percent (39/50) of patients received antifungal treatment. Median STs (from presentation) in treated patients were 1,678 days for cats and 679 days for dogs. Abnormal mentation at presentation (in dogs) and CSF collection (in cats) were associated with shorter STs. In treated dogs, those that received glucocorticoids prior to diagnosis, or single rather than multiple antifungal agents, had shorter STs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prognosis for feline and canine CNS cryptococcosis is guarded, yet long STs are possible with appropriate treatment. Presence of subtle upper respiratory tract signs may suggest cryptococcosis in patients with neurologic signs, while the absence of neurologic signs does not preclude CNS involvement.
Skeletal metastasis is a common finding in dogs with prostatic carcinoma and most frequently involves the lumbar vertebrae and pelvis. In the present report, we describe the case of a prostatic carcinoma in a 6‐year‐old Labrador retriever, who developed apparent oral sensitivity and pain within a week of initial diagnosis. Computed tomography of the skull revealed a mixed osteoproductive and osteolytic mass of the condylar process of the left mandible, and cytologic evaluation of the mass was consistent with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of mandibular metastasis of a prostatic carcinoma in a dog.
The rising prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales is a significant threat to animal and human health. This study aims to describe the clinical features, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and genotypic features of infections associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in dogs and cats seen at a tertiary referral veterinary teaching hospital. Enterobacterales isolated from dogs and cats that underwent ESBL testing during the study period were identified using a search of the hospital antimicrobial susceptibility test software database. Medical records of confirmed ESBL isolates were reviewed, and the source of infection, clinical findings, and antimicrobial susceptibility were recorded. Genomic DNA from bacterial isolates was evaluated for antimicrobial resistance genes with whole genome sequencing. Thirty ESBL-producing isolates were identified based on phenotypic testing (twenty-nine from dogs, one from a cat); twenty-six were Escherichia coli and the remainder were Klebsiella spp. Bacterial cystitis was the most commonly identified (8/30, 27%) clinical problem associated with infection. Resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was identified in 90% (27/30) of isolates, and all isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Over 70% of isolates were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and cefoxitin. BlaCTX-M-15 was the most common ESBL gene identified, present in 13/22 (59%) isolate genomes. A wide range of clinical infections were identified. Piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin may be alternatives to carbapenem therapy. Further, larger-scale studies are needed.
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