Evoked potential and multiple unit responses to noxious shock and pinch as well as to innocuous air puffs were recorded in the dorsal raphe, median raphe and raphe magnus nuclei of awake rats. Concurrent measurements of various behavioral responses to noxious stimuli were also made. Electrical stimulation of midbrain central gray and of medial thalamus, as well as systemic administration of morphine, greatly diminished all behavioral and electrophysiological responses to noxious stimuli without reliably affecting responses to air puffs. At the same time that brain stimulation and morphine attenuated nociceptive responses, a significant elevation was seen in the spontaneous multiple unit activity of these brain areas, particularly nucleus raphe magnus. In another group of animals, a comparison was made of the analgesic effectiveness of stimulation sites in the bulbar raphe (including raphe magnus) and sites dorsal or lateral to this region. More consistently potent effects were obtained from the raphe placements. These findings point to the importance of the bulbar raphe in mechanisms of analgesia. It is suggested that brain stem stimulation and morphine administration activate descending controls of raphe origin which selectively inhibit nociceptive elements in the spinal cord.
Investing in the next generation of researchers is essential, as recently highlighted in the 21st Century Cures Act. From its inception, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) has supported training and career development to ensure a robust pipeline of investigators who are prepared to lead their respective fields of inquiry. In recent years, the NICHD has emphasized institutional over individual training awards to a greater degree than many other National Institutes of Health institutes of similar size. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the success of individuals supported by NICHD career development and training awards, as measured by subsequent application and receipt of independent National Institutes of Health research project grant funding. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study identified 417 physician-scholars who were supported by NICHD career development awards between October 1 , 1999, and September 30, 2001. This period was selected to allow adequate follow-up of research project grant applications and funding. Among these physicianscholars, 355 met inclusion criteria.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcomes were the numbers of research project grant applications submitted and, of these, the numbers that were successfully funded.RESULTS Among 355 physician-scientists, scholars who had an MD degree only and received a K award or both an individual K award and institutional K12 support were more likely than those who received only K12 support (individual K only vs institutional K12 only: odds ratio [OR], 4.86; 95% CI, 1.83-13.62; both K and K12 vs K12 only: OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.46-7.10) to apply for subsequent project grant funding (88.0% vs 82.8% vs 60.1%, respectively; P < .001) and to receive it (60.0% vs 60.9% vs 32.9%, respectively; P < .001). For physicians with both MD and PhD degrees, neither application nor funding rates were statistically significantly different whether their career development was supported by individual or institutional awards.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Physician-scholars are more likely to apply for and receive a National Institutes of Health research grant if they are trained on an individual career development award, with or without an institutional training award. Based on the data, the NICHD intends to provide a greater proportion of its career development fund allocation to individual awards. The NICHD recognizes the importance of institutional awards and will continue to support them. The NICHD remains committed to training and intends to maintain its investment in training and career development awards going forward.
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