Aim. To compare the effects of various mesenchymal stem cells, those isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs), on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Method. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from three sources in the orofacial region. Characterization and PCR analyses were performed. Lymphocytes were isolated from healthy peripheral venous blood. Lymphocytes were cocultured with stem cells in the presence and absence of IFN-γ and stimulated with anti-CD2, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28 for 3 days. Then, lymphocyte proliferation, the number of CD4+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells, and the levels of Fas/Fas ligand, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in the culture supernatant were measured. Results. The DFSCs exhibited an enhanced differentiation capacity and an increased number of CD4+FoxP3+ T lymphocytes and suppressed the proliferation and apoptosis of PBMCs compared with SHEDs and DPSCs. The addition of IFN-γ augmented the proliferation of DFSCs. Furthermore, the DFSCs suppressed IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokine levels and enhanced IL-10 levels compared with the other cell sources. Conclusion. These results suggest that IFN-γ stimulates DFSCs by inducing an immunomodulatory effect on the PBMCs of healthy donors while suppressing apoptosis and proliferation and increasing the number of CD4+FoxP3+ cells.

Dental follicle mesenchymal stem cells suppressed allergen-induced Th2-cell polarisation in favour of Th1 responses and attenuated antigen-presenting cell co-stimulatory activities. These studies suggest that DFSC-based cell therapy may provide pro-tolerogenic immunomodulation relevant to allergic diseases such as asthma.

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Objective: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disorder that causes the degeneration of motor neurons. Currently, riluzole is the only effective drug used to treat ALS; however, it has limited clinical benefits. Stem cell-based therapy has been studied as a potential novel treatment strategy for ALS and has shown to have an anti-inflammatory effects when treating this disease. In this study, we studied the immunosuppressive effect of dental follicle mesenchymal stem cells (DFSCs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ALS patients. Methods: DFSCs were isolated from the third molar teeth of healthy individuals, and cells were seeded in the 48 well plate 48 hours prior to PBMC isolation. PBMCs were isolated from venous blood samples of ALS patients and healthy volunteers and were cultured in the presence or absence of DFSCs. After 72 h of culture period lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis and CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell ratios were analyzed. Results: Analysis revealed an increase in the number of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and a decrease in the proliferative responses of lymphocytes with DFSCs. In addition, DFSCs enhanced the apoptotic effect of the lymphocytes of ALS patients, but increased cell survival in healthy individuals. Conclusion: Our study showed that DFSCs regulate inflammatory responses of lymphocytes in ALS patients and that they can be a novel therapeutic approach for treating neuroinflammatory diseases including ALS.

Stem cells for pancreatitis 425 Gastric injury and bacterial overgrowth 433 The effect of visceral fat on SMA configuration 451 Antiplatelet agents in ulcerative colitis 459 Differentiation of BMSCs into intestinal ce 466 GERDOFF ® efficacy in patients with GERD

Background: In this article, the authors investigate the modulatory effects of dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on lymphocyte responses in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), which is an autoimmune disease resulting from keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. Methods: Mononuclear cells isolated from pSS patients cultured with or without dental MSCs and analyzed for lymphocyte responses via flow cytometry. Results: Dental-follicle (DF)- and dental-pulp (DP)-MSCs downregulated CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation by increasing Fas-ligand expression on T lymphocytes and FoxP3 expressing Tregs, and decreasing intracellular IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion in pSS patients. DF-MSCs decreased the plasma B cell ratio in the favor of naive B cell population in pSS patients' mononuclear cells. Conclusion: DF- and DP-MSCs can be the new cellular therapeutic candidates for the regulation of immune responses in pSS.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways where exaggerated T helper 2 immune responses and inflammatory mediators play a role. Current asthma treatment options can effectively suppress symptoms and control the inflammatory process; however, cannot modulate the dysregulated immune response. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is one of the effective treatments capable of disease modification. Injecting allergens under the skin in allergen-specific immunotherapy can reduce asthma and improve the sensitivity of the lungs, however, has a risk of severe reactions. Mesenchymal stem cells have immunoregulatory activity with their soluble mediators and contact dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the current treatment strategies with mesenchymal stem cells in asthma as a new therapeutic tool and compare those with immunotherapy.