Improved spray deposition can be attained by electrostatically charging spray droplets, which increases the attraction of droplets to plants and decreases operator exposure to pesticide and losses to the environment. However, this technique alone is not sufficient to achieve desirable penetration of the spray solution into the crop canopy; thus, air assistance can be added to the electrostatic spraying to further improve spray deposition. This study was conducted to compare different spraying technologies on spray deposition and two-spotted spider mite control in cut chrysanthemum. Treatments included in the study were: conventional TJ 8003 double flat fan nozzles, conventional TXVK-3 hollow cone nozzles, semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with electrostatic spray system (ESS) and air assistance (AA), and semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with AA only (no ESS). To evaluate the effect of these spraying technologies on the control of two-spotted spider mite, a control treatment was included that did not receive an acaricide application. The AA spraying technology, with or without ESS, optimized spray deposition and provided satisfactory two-spotted spider mite control up to 4 days after application.
Agronomic characteristics of genetically modified (GM) MON 89034 × TC1507 × NK603 × DAS-40278–9 (PowerCore™ Enlist™), MON 89034 × TC1507 × NK603 (PowerCore™), and DAS-40278–9 (Enlist™) corn, a non-GM near-isogenic hybrid, and 2 commercial non-GM hybrids were assessed in a field study to determine if the agronomic performance of the GM corn hybrids is equivalent to that of non-transgenic hybrid corn. The MON 89034 × TC1507 × NK603 × DAS-40278–9 hybrid corn was developed through stacking of 4 individual transgenic events, MON 89034, TC1507, NK603, and DAS-40278–9 by traditional breeding and contains the cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 (MON 89034), cry1F and pat (TC1507), cp4 epsps (NK603) and aad-1 (DAS-40278–9) transgenes. These transgenes encode the proteins Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1F, which confer insect resistance, PAT, CP4 EPSPS, and AAD-1, which confer herbicide tolerance. The following agronomic characteristics were assessed in the study: initial and final stand count, seedling vigor, time to silk, time to pollen shed, pollen viability, plant height, ear height, stalk lodging, root lodging, days to maturity, stay green, disease incidence, insect damage, herbicide injury, and yield. The agronomic assessment was conducted in 2 regions of Brazil (Indianopolis-MG; Cravinhos-SP). The agronomic attributes for all GM entries were statistically indistinguishable from the non-GM near-isogenic hybrid. In addition, most of the agronomic assessments fell within the range of the commercial varieties included in the study. Taken together, MON 89034 × TC1507 × NK603 × DAS-40278, MON 89034 × TC1507 × NK603, and DAS-40278–9 were found to be agronomically equivalent to non-GM corn.
Accurate application of pesticides is difficult for crops with dense leaves, such as soybean crops. To improve spray deposits on the lower leaves of soybean plants, the aim of this study is to build a canopy opener (CO) from a previously developed prototype and to assess its practical application and efficiency on soybean crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the amount of spray deposits on the top and the lower leaves using a Brilliant Blue dye. The influence of the CO device on the number of flowers knocked down during spraying was also investigated. The data showed that the use of the CO attached to the spray boom enabled more spray deposits on the lower leaves and less spray deposits on the upper leaves compared with conventional spraying. The CO device did not influence the falling of flowers or the damage to the soybean plants. The construction of the CO device proved to be a feasible alternative, which could be used primarily by small-scale soybean producers, with the goal of obtaining larger spray deposits on the lower leaves of soybean plants.
Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases affecting soybean yields in many countries. Fungicide application methods that provide better SBR control efficacy may reduce soybean losses due to this disease. We investigated the effects of spray volumes applying the fungicide pyraclostrobin plus epoxiconazol at 133 + 50 g a.i. ha-1 by a conventional sprayer (CS) and an air-assisted sprayer (AAS). Field experiments were conducted comparing the effects of spray volumes of 110, 160, and 210 L ha-1 and two application techniques (CS and AAS) on spray deposits and SBR control. Fungicide efficacies were measured by disease severity, thousand seed weight, and yield. Correlations between disease severity and yield were also assessed. All treatments were applied with an Advance 2000 AM18 sprayer. In general, SBR disease and yield did not differ significantly when fungicide applications were applied with AAS compared to CS. Increasing the spray volume from 110 to 210 L ha-1 did not increase spray deposit coverage on soybean leaves. Low disease severity was obtained by fungicide applications using a spray volume of 210 L ha-1. Safe recommendations of ground spray volumes for SBR control should be between 160 and 210 L ha-1, using hydraulic nozzles.
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