Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk of developing adult-onset cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that IUGR resulting from maternal hypoxia or nutrient restriction during late gestation will produce cardiac remodeling and impair cardiac recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in adult male offspring aged 4 or 7 mo. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized on day 15 of pregnancy to hypoxia (IUGR-H, 12% oxygen), nutrient restriction (IUGR-NR, 40% of control diet) or control (room air) groups. In 4-mo IUGR-H offspring, left ventricular wt/body wt ratio (LVW/BW) and right ventricular wt/BW ratio (RVW/BW) increased, in association with increased collagen I and III expression, beta and alpha myosin heavy chain (beta/alphaMHC) ratio, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity compared to the other groups. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure was higher in perfused hearts. Functional recovery after I/R was remarkably reduced (10+/-3%) compared to both control (39+/-5%) and IUGR-NR rats (32+/-4%). At 7 mo, both IUGR-H and IUGR-NR offspring had increased LVW/BW, collagen I and III, beta/alpha MHC ratio, and decreased cardiac recovery and MMP-2 activity compared to control. These findings suggest that hypoxia or undernutrition during development leads to pathological cardiac remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, and increased sensitivity to ischemic injury during adult life.
Postoperative pressure ulcers developed in 10.7% of critically ill patients in our study. Only intraoperative use of blood products, not operative case length, hypotension, or vasopressor use, was associated with postoperative pressure ulcer development on adjusted analysis.
A miniature, needle-type glucose sensor based on a new trilayer membrane configuration has been prepared and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The perfluorinated ionomer, Nafion, was used as a protective, biocompatible, outer coating, and poly(o-phenylenediamine) as an inner coating to reduce interference by small, electroactive compounds. Glucose oxidase immobilized in a bovine serum albumin matrix was sandwiched between these coatings. The entire sensor assembly of Pt working electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode was 0.5 mm in diameter and could be inserted subcutaneously through an 18-gauge needle. The sensor current closely followed the plasma glucose level during a glucose tolerance test in active dogs, with a delay of 3 min, corresponding to the known lag time for subcutaneous glucose levels. The sensor remained functional after 1 week of implantation, but failed after 2 weeks due to degradation of the reference electrode. In vitro tests in pH 7.4 buffer or whole blood show the sensors have good selectivity, sensitivity of about 25 nA/mM, precision of 2-5%, and a 90% response time of 33 s. Stabilization following polarization requires 10-30 min in vitro and 30-40 min in vivo.
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