Zn 2؉ is critical for the functional and structural integrity of cells and contributes to a number of important processes including gene expression. It has been shown that NO exogenously applied via NO donors resulting in nitrosative stress leads to cytoplasmic Zn 2؉ release from the zinc storing protein metallothionein (MT) and probably other proteins that complex Zn 2؉ via cysteine thiols. We show here that, in cytokine-activated murine aortic endothelial cells, NO derived from the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induces a transient nuclear release of Zn 2؉ . This nuclear Zn 2؉ release depends on the presence of MT as shown by the lack of this effect in activated endothelial cells from MT-deficient mice and temporally correlates with nuclear MT translocation. Data also show that NO is an essential but not sufficient signal for MT-mediated Zn 2؉ trafficking from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. In addition, we found that, endogenously via iNOS, synthesized NO increases the constitutive mRNA expression of both MT-1 and MT-2 genes and that nitrosative stress exogenously applied via an NO donor increases constitutive MT mRNA expression via intracellular Zn 2؉ release. In conclusion, we here provide evidence for a signaling mechanism based on iNOS-derived NO through the regulation of intracellular Zn 2؉ trafficking and homeostasis. M ultiple biological functions have been ascribed to NO as a molecule serving signaling or regulating tasks or acting as a cytotoxic molecule, depending on its mode of enzymatic synthesis, its local concentration, and its chemical reactions with other molecules. Nanomolar concentrations of NO are synthesized by constitutively expressed NO synthases (cNOS) in a tightly regulated and pulsative fashion, which typically serve to activate the guanylyl cyclase to synthesize the second messenger cGMP (1). In this case, the target of the radical NO is the heme group with its central iron atom. Besides the two cNOS, also an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) exists that is expressed only after induction by proinflammatory cytokines and͞or bacterial products like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Expression of iNOS is found in a variety of acute or chronic diseases (2, 3) and, once expressed, synthesizes NO for prolonged periods of time, which may result in micromolar NO concentrations (4). Under these conditions, NO may react with molecular oxygen in a reaction mainly depending on the NO concentration to yield higher reactive nitrogen oxides (NO x such as N 2 O 3 , etc.), which display a much broader chemical reaction spectrum than NO itself (5). Among the amino acids present in proteins, preferentially cysteines are modified by NO x yielding S-nitrosothiols (6). Prominent targets within cells are proteins containing Fe-S or Zn-S clusters. Although Fe-S clusters are essential components of many active sites in enzymes, Zn-S clusters mainly serve as structural elements of proteins mediating specific DNA or RNA binding as well as protein-protein interactions.Under aerobic conditions, NO via thiolate-nitrosation indu...
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) has frequently been shown to inhibit leukocyte adherence to activated endothelium thus displaying anti-adhesive and immunosuppressive activities. A molecular mechanism contributing to this effect is described. Materials and Methods: Primary murine aortic endothelial cells were activated with interleukin (IL)-1 to express intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA in the presence or absence of the physiological spontaneous NOdonor S-nitrosocysteine. Subsequently, semiquantitative RT-PCR and gel shift assays with nuclear extracts were performed to analyse the effects of NO on ICAM-1 mRNA expression and on the activity of transcription factors involved in ICAM-1 transcription. In addition, luciferase reporter gene activity of cytokine-activated cells transiently transfected with an ICAM-1 promoter-luciferase construct and cultured in the presence of the slow-releasing NOdonor DETA/NO was determined.
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