Abstract:OBJECTIVE: The effect of sustained silence was studied on the emergence of tinnitus perception in 120 normal hearing young adult Caucasians and African Americans.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: After sitting in a sound booth for a period of 20 minutes, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire documenting whether they perceived sounds in the silent setting and descriptions of the sounds they heard.RESULTS: Tinnitus-like sounds were perceived in 64% of listeners overall. No significant differences in tinnitus perception were observed between males and females. However, there was a significant difference in tinnitus perception between Caucasian and African American subjects, with tinnitus sounds emerging in sustained silence less frequently in African American listeners. Tinnitus emerged quickly in a majority of subjects (less than 4 minutes) and African American subjects who perceived tinnitus heard a greater number of individual tinnitus-like sounds than did Caucasian subjects. Ring (57%), buzz (21 %), pulse (22%), heartbeat (21 %), and hum (14%) were the most common sounds heard, with ring being the most common overall tinnitus perception. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Few investigators have documented at the emergence of tinnitus in normal hearing subjects. Results of the current study found significant differences in tinnitus perception between Caucasian and African American subjects, but found no significant differences when comparing males and female subjects. EBM rating: C. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132:20-4.) Article: For many people, tinnitus (ringing in the ear) is a common and fleeting experience. However, for more than 12 million Americans, the experience is a chronic condition that can severely impact the quality of life.1,2 The debilitating effects of chronic tinnitus can include significant sleep disorder, anxiety, and depression. [3][4][5] Although the exact cause of tinnitus is not known, researchers point to mechanisms in both the auditory periphery 6,7 and the central auditory system. 8 To date, there is no medical cure for tinnitus. However, patients suffering with severe tinnitus can find relief and comfort from their symptoms through tinnitus management protocols.

A monomeric hexachlorocuprate(II) ion has been found in the compound (3-chloroanilinium) 8 [CuCl 6 ]Cl 4 , CuC 4 ,H 56 C1 8 N 8 . The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with unit cell dimensions a = 8.5488(16) A, b = 13.964(6) A, c = 14.273(7) A, a = 90.46(4)*, B = 107.82(3)0, and y = 102.11(3)° with Z = 1. The coordination about the discrete [CuCl 6 4 , ion is that of a tetragonally compressed octahedron with bond distances Cu-Cl(1) = 2.2773(1i) A, Cu-Cl(2) = 2.6061(18) A, and Cu-Cl(3) = 2.6086(20) A. The two short bond distances are on the ordec frequently seen for copper-chloride bonds, but the remaining four bond distances are remarkably long for in-plane 4 + 2 coordination. The Cl(l)-2 Cu-Cl(la), Cl(2)-Cu-Cl(2a), and Cl(3)-Cu-Cl(3a) angles are strictly 180°, and the 12 remaining Cl(i)-Cu-Cl(j) angles differ from 90* by 0.4 to 1.0°. The EPR spectrum of a powdered sample is of the "reversed" nature indicative of a 2A ground state with g, = 2.06 and gl = 2.19. Magnetic susceptibility data provide evidence for antiferromagnetic interactions between the hexachlorocuprate cations, since there is a maximum in the magnetic susceptibility near 10 K. The data may be approximated by Heisenberg chain theory with J = -5.6 cm', g = 2.00, and an interchain exchange parameter J1 = -2.1 cm' Compounds with unusual formulations have been encountered in this research, 2 and studies described here on the title compound, (3-chloroanilinium) 8 [CuCl 6 ]Cl 4 , revealed the presence of the first discrete CuCl 6 4complex. Characterization of this new, unexpected complex by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and by magnetic methods are discussed in this Article. Experimental Section Synthesis. To 15.2 mL (0.15 mol) of 3-chloroaniline (Aldrich Chemical Co.) and 28.73 g (0.17 mol) of copper(II) chloride dihydrate were added approximately 150 mL of distilled water and 350 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution was heated, with stirring, to the boiling point. The solution was then allowed to cool, and copious quantities of yellow crystals deposited. The crystals were collected on a glass-frit funnel and were washed with anhydrous diethyl ether. Anal. Calcd. for

This study examined the level of preparedness of North Carolina speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who serve school-aged children with cochlear implants (CIs). A survey distributed to 190 school-based SLPs in North Carolina revealed that 79% of the participants felt they had little to no confidence in managing CI technology or in providing services to children with CIs. Survey results disclosed that 47% of SLPs had either no formal instruction or only one college lecture on CIs. Findings indicated that a lack of instruction in other hearing-related topics exists at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. These results underscore the urgent need for revising preservice curricula for SLPs and audiologists to include more practical training in the habilitation/rehabilitation of children with CIs. Findings also emphasize the need for current practitioners to engage in continuing education to update their knowledge of emerging innovations in CI technology and habilitation.

The effects of stimulus rate and gender on the auditory middle latency response (AMLR) waveforms were examined in 20 young adult male and female subjects. Four different repetition rates were presented to subjects (1.1/sec, 4.1/sec, 7.7/sec, and 11.3/sec). Stimulus repetition rate had a significant effect on Pa latency, Pa amplitude, and Pb amplitude. Pa and Pb amplitudes decreased with increasing the stimulus rate, and Pa latency significantly increased with increasing the stimulus rate. No significant differences were seen on Pb latency or site of recording. Gender had a significant effect on Pa latency and Pa amplitude. Pa latencies were longer in male subjects, and Pa amplitudes were larger in female subjects. Gender did not have a significant effect on the Pb waveform.

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