Passive recordings of seismic noise are increasingly used in earthquake engineering to measure in situ the shear-wave velocity profile at a given site. Ambient vibrations, which are assumed to be mainly composed of surface waves, can be used to determine the Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve, with the advantage of not requiring artificial sources. Due to the data uncertainties and the non-linearity of the problem itself, the solution of the dispersion-curve inversion is generally non-unique. Stochastic search methods such as the neighbourhood algorithm allow searches for minima of the misfit function by investigating the whole parameter space. Due to the limited number of parameters in surface-wave inversion, they constitute an attractive alternative to linearized methods. An efficient tool using the neighbourhood algorithm was developed to invert the one-dimensional V s profile from passive or active source experiments. As the number of generated models is usually high in stochastic techniques, special attention was paid to the optimization of the forward computations. Also, the possibility of inserting a priori information into the parametrization was introduced in the code.This new numerical tool was successfully tested on synthetic data, with and without a priori information. We also present an application to real-array data measured at a site in Brussels (Belgium), the geology of which consists of about 115 m of sand and clay layers overlying a Palaeozoic basement. On this site, active and passive source data proved to be complementary and the method allowed the retrieval of a V s profile consistent with borehole data available at the same location.is of major importance in earthquake engineering, and ambient vibrations measured by an array of vertical sensors are increasingly applied for determining V s profiles (e.g. Horike 1985;
This study reviews seismograms from 10 rock-fall events recorded between 1992 and 2001 by the permanent seismological network Sismalp in the French Alps. A new seismic magnitude scale was defined, which allowed us to compare and classify ground-motion vibrations generated by these Alpine rock-falls. Each rock-fall has also been characterized by its ground-motion duration t 30 at an epicentral distance of 30 km. No relation was found between rock-fall parameters (fall height, runout distance, volume, potential energy) and rock-fall seismic magnitudes derived from seismogram amplitudes. On the other hand, the signal duration t 30 shows a rough correlation with the potential energy and the runout distance, highlighting the control of the propagation phase on the signal length.The signal analysis suggests the existence of at least two distinct seismic sources: one corresponding to the initial rupture associated with an elastic rebound during the detachment and the other one generated by the rock impact on the slope. Although the fall phenomenon includes other complex processes (fragmentation of the block, interaction with topography, plastic deformation during and after impact) 2D finite-element simulations of these two seismic sources are able to retrieve the main seismogram characteristics.2
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