, Melissa Yssel, MB ChB, FC Path(SA) Chem 139, and Wendy M. Zakowicz, BS 79 Purpose: To achieve clinical validation of cutoff values for newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry through a worldwide collaborative effort. Methods: Cumulative percentiles of amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots of approximately 25-30 million normal newborns and 10,742 deidentified true positive cases are compared to assign clinical significance, which is achieved when the median of a disorder range is, and usually markedly outside, either the 99th or the 1st percentile of the normal population. The cutoff target ranges of analytes and ratios are then defined as the interval between selected percentiles of the two populations. When overlaps occur, adjustments are made to maximize sensitivity and specificity taking all available factors into consideration.

SUMMARYA decline in mitochondrial respiration represents the root cause of a large number of inborn errors of metabolism. It is also associated with common age-associated diseases and the aging process. To gain insight into the systemic, biochemical consequences of respiratory chain dysfunction, we performed a case-control, prospective metabolic profiling study in a genetically homogenous cohort of patients with Leigh syndrome French Canadian variant, a mitochondrial respiratory chain disease due to loss-of-function mutations in LRPPRC. We discovered 45 plasma and urinary analytes discriminating patients from controls, including classic markers of mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction (lactate and acylcarnitines), as well as unexpected markers of cardiometabolic risk (insulin and adiponectin), amino acid catabolism linked to NADH status (α-hydroxybutyrate), and NAD+ biosynthesis (kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid). Our study identifies systemic, metabolic pathway derangements that can lie downstream of primary mitochondrial lesions, with implications for understanding how the organelle contributes to rare and common diseases.

In the postprandial state, insulin may also control NEFA appearance through enhanced trapping into the adipose tissue of NEFA derived from intravascular triglyceride lipolysis. To determine the contribution of suppression of intracellular lipolysis in the modulation of plasma NEFA metabolism by insulin during enhanced intravascular triglyceride lipolysis, 10 healthy nonobese subjects underwent pancreatic clamps at fasting vs. high physiological insulin level with intravenous infusion of heparin plus Intralipid. Nicotinic acid was administered orally during the last 2 h of each 4-h clamp to inhibit intracellular lipolysis and assess insulin's effect on plasma NEFA metabolism independently of its effect on intracellular lipolysis. Stable isotope tracers of palmitate, acetate, and glycerol were used to assess plasma NEFA metabolism and total triglyceride lipolysis in each participant. The glycerol appearance rate was similar during fasting vs. high insulin level, but plasma NEFA levels were significantly lowered by insulin. Nicotinic acid significantly blunted the insulin-mediated suppression of plasma palmitate appearance and oxidation rates by ϳ60 and ϳ70%, respectively. In contrast, nicotinic acid did not affect the marked stimulation of palmitate clearance by insulin. Thus most of the insulin-mediated reduction of plasma NEFA appearance and oxidation can be explained by suppression of intracellular lipolysis during enhanced intravascular triglyceride lipolysis in healthy humans. Our results also suggest that insulin may affect plasma NEFA clearance independently of the suppression of intracellular lipolysis. intracellular lipolysis; lipid oxidation; postprandial state; lipid metabolism

No abstract

The Quebec Mass Urinary Screening Programme, initiated in 1971, has resulted in the screening of more than 2,500,000 newborns in the province of Quebec for 25 inherited Mendelian disorders divided into two groups. The first group concerns urea cycle disorders (citrullinaemia, hyperargininaemia, argininosuccinic aciduria), ketotic hyperglycinaemia, and organic acidurias (methylmalonic aciduria, glutaric aciduria type I, etc.); the second group relates to disorders of amino acid metabolism (cystathioninuria, prolidase deficiency, etc.) and transport (Fanconi syndrome, cystinurias, Hartnup syndrome, etc.). The main goal of the Programme is to detect and prevent these genetic diseases, some detectable only in urine, before the onset of clinical symptoms. A multiplex thin-layer chromatography methodology was developed, in which metabolites in urine are resolved and visualized by the sequential application of four different reagents to detect aminoacidopathies and organic acidurias. The technique is simple, reproducible, inexpensive and rapid, allowing the analysis of 500 samples daily by a single technician. The voluntary compliance of the parents is excellent, averaging 90% per year. Over the years, we have established a dynamic process, developing techniques or new reagents to detect as many treatable disorders as possible, now evaluating macromolecules associated with lysosomal storage disorders, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) for Fabry disease. We present here the methodology, infrastructure in place, results and recent statistics of the well-established Quebec Mass Urinary Screening Programme. We also report a study by tandem mass spectrometric analysis of urinary Gb3 in Fabry disease for the follow-up and monitoring of Fabry patients, as well as for its possible application to mass and high-risk screening programmes.

Increased RaNEFA and OxNEFA during intravascular lipolysis at high insulin levels occur early in the natural history of type 2 diabetes.

MHSA can be caused by sequence variants in . Such individuals have thus far remained asymptomatic despite receiving no specific treatment.

Targeting definite genomic locations using CRISPR-Cas systems requires a set of enzymes with unique protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) compatibilities. To expand this repertoire, we engineered nucleases, cytosine base editors, and adenine base editors from the archetypal Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR1-Cas9 (St1Cas9) system. We found that St1Cas9 strain variants enable targeting to five distinct A-rich PAMs and provide a structural basis for their specificities. The small size of this ortholog enables expression of the holoenzyme from a single adeno-associated viral vector for in vivo editing applications. Delivery of St1Cas9 to the neonatal liver efficiently rewired metabolic pathways, leading to phenotypic rescue in a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia. These robust enzymes expand and complement current editing platforms available for tailoring mammalian genomes.