Nano-silver is increasingly used in consumer products from washing machines and refrigerators to devices marketed for the disinfection of drinking water or recreational water. The nano-silver in these products may be released, ending up in surface water bodies which may be used as drinking water sources. Little information is available about the stability of the nano-silver in sources of drinking water, its fate during drinking water disinfection processes, and its interaction with disinfection agents and disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study aims to investigate the stability of nano-silver in drinking water sources and in the finished drinking water when chlorine and chloramines are used for disinfection and to observe changes in the composition of DBPs formed when nano-silver is present in the source water. A dispersion of nano-silver particles (10 nm; PVP-coated) was used to spike untreated Ottawa River water, treated Ottawa River water, organic-free water, and a groundwater at concentrations of 5 mg/L. The diluted dispersions were kept under stirred and non-stirred conditions for up to 9 months and analyzed weekly using UV absorption to assess the stability of the nano-silver particles. In a separate experiment, Ottawa River water containing nano-silver particles (at 0.1 and 1 mg/L concentration, respectively) was disinfected by adding sodium hypochlorite (a chlorinating agent) in sufficient amounts to maintain a free chlorine residual of approximately 0.4 mg/L after 24 h. The disinfected drinking water was then quenched with ascorbic acid and analyzed for 34 neutral DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes, 1,1 dichloro-2-propanone, 1,1,1 trichloro-2-propanone, chloropicrin, and cyanogen chloride). The results were compared to the profile of DBPs obtained under the same conditions in the absence of nano-silver and in the presence of an equivalent concentration of Ag+ ions (as AgNO3). The stability of the nano-silver dispersions in untreated Ottawa River water, with a dissolved organic carbon concentration of 6 mg/L, was significantly higher than the stability of the nano-silver dispersions in distilled, organic-free water. Nano-silver particles suspended in the groundwater agglomerated and were quickly and quantitatively removed from the solution. Our data confirm previous observations that natural dissolved organic matter stabilizes nano-silver particles, while the high-ionic strength of groundwater appears to favor their agglomeration and precipitation. As expected, nano-silver was not stable in Ottawa River water through the chlorination process, but survived for many days when added to the Ottawa River water after treatment with chlorine or chloramines. Stirring appeared to have minimal effect on nano-silver stability in untreated and treated Ottawa River water. The profile of DBPs formed in the presence of nAg differed significantly from the profile of DBPs formed in the absence of nAg only at the 1 mg/L nAg concentration. The differences observed consisted mainly in reduced for...
The National Survey of Disinfection By-Products and Selected Emerging Contaminants investigated the formation of various disinfection by-products and contaminants in 65 water treatment systems (WTSs) across Canada. Results for six iodo-trihalomethanes (iodo-THMs) are reported in this paper. The participating water treatment systems included large, medium and small systems using water sources and treatment processes which were representative of Canadian drinking water. Five water samples (source water, treated water and three water samples along the distribution system) were collected from each treatment system, both under winter and summer conditions. Samples were stabilized, shipped cold and analysed for six iodo-THMs (dichloroiodomethane-DCIM; dibromoiodomethane-DBIM; bromochloroiodomethane-BCIM; chlorodiiodomethane-CDIM; bromodiiodomethane-BDIM and triiodomethane or iodoform-TIM), using a SPME-GC-ECD method developed in our laboratory (MDLs from 0.02 μg/L for iodoform to 0.06 μg/L for bromodiiodomethane). Concentrations of relevant precursors like dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bromide, iodide and total iodine, as well as other water quality parameters, were also determined. Detailed information about the treatment process used at each location was recorded using a questionnaire. The survey showed that one or more iodo-THMs were detected at 31 out of 64 water treatment systems (WTSs) under winter conditions and in 46 out of 64 WTSs under summer conditions (analytical results from one site were excluded due to sampling challenges). Total iodo-THM concentrations measured during this survey ranged from 0.02 μg/L to 21.66 μg/L. The highest total iodo-THM concentration was measured in WTS 63 where all six iodo-THMs were detected and iodoform was present in the highest concentration. The highest iodo-THM formation was found to occur in treatment systems where water sources had naturally occurring ammonium as well as high bromide, high iodide and/or total iodine concentrations. In two such water systems the total concentration of iodo-THMs exceeded the concentration of regulated THMs.
Increases in residual dissolved Al from alum coagulation associated with low water temperatures should be minimised to avoid problems in the distribution mains and as a precautionary approach to possible health effects of Al. Temperature-controlled jar-tests (0.1 to 17.0°C) were used to evaluate optimisation of a plant using alum coagulation at pH 6.0 followed by activated silicate addition. pH adjustment was assessed during coagulation and flocculation (i.e. before and after activated silicate) in order to control residual Al by precipitation without affecting turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) reductions. The effects on NOM reduction were marginal until pH 6.4 in all conditions tested. Turbidity reductions by sedimentation considerably worsened when increasing pH, especially at the lowest temperature. Experimental conditions to eliminate this negative effect were found to be by increasing the pH after silicate addition (from the coagulation pH of 6.0 to between 6.1 and 6.3). By pH adjustments after silicate addition, up to 90% decrease in dissolved Al could be obtained at pH ∼6.8 (from 180 to ∼20 μg/L) at low temperatures. At this pH level, however, turbidity reduction reached minimal values (10–20%) while NOM reduction was clearly affected, indicating partial NOM re-dissolution. Slight pH adjustments of coagulation pH (up to 6.1) or flocculation pH (up to 6.3—after silicate addition) promised significant dissolved Al minimization (down to ∼50 μg/L) without compromising turbidity or NOM reductions.
The electrochemical reduction of N-fluoro-N-methylurethan ( l a ) and N-fluorourethan (2tr) in acctonitrile gcnerates the amidc anion and a fluoride ion. Both the fluoride and thc amide anion can rcact with the starting N-fluoroamidc cither as bascs or as nucleophilcs. Many products are formcd and the coulonictric results are low (0.5 to 0.7 F/rnol). In thc case of NFU (2g), abstraction of the proton on nitrogen both by the urethan anion and the fluoridc anion generatcs thc conjugate base EtOCONF (7) which immediatcly undergoes a-elimination of the fluoride ion to givc carbethoxynitrene (11). This nitrcne was gencpted also by treating NFU (20) with a base such as tricthylamjne or lithium hydride. The a-elimination of F From EtOCONF is much casier than the a-elimination of Cl-from EtOCONCI.JEAN LESSARD et DENIS BERUBE. Can. J. Chcm. 62. 768 (1984).La rkduction Clcctrochimique du N-fluoro-N-mkthylurithane (In) ct du N-fluorourkthanc (20) conduit $
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