Until recently, few studies were carried out in Brazil about diversity of bacterial soil communities. Aiming to characterize the bacterial population in the soil through 16S rRNA analysis, two types of soil have been analyzed: one of them characterized by intensive use where tomato, beans and corn were cultivated (CS); the other analyzed soil was under forest (FS), unchanged by man; both located in Guaíra, São Paulo State, Brazil. Using specific primers, 16S rRNA genes from metagenomic DNA in both soils were amplified by PCR, amplicons were cloned and 139 clones from two libraries were partially sequenced. The use of 16S rRNA analysis allowed identification of several bacterial populations in the soil belonging to the following phyla: Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria Verrucomicrobia in addition to the others that were not classified, beyond Archaea domain. Differences between FS and CS libraries were observed in size phyla. A larger number of phyla and, consequently, a greater bacterial diversity were found in the under-forest soil. These data were confirmed by the analyses of genetic diversity that have been carried out. The characterization of bacterial communities of soil has made its contribution by providing facts for further studies on the dynamics of bacterial populations in different soil conditions in Brazil.
Studies on the impact of Eucalyptus spp. on Brazilian soils have focused on soil chemical properties and isolating interesting microbial organisms. Few studies have focused on microbial diversity and ecology in Brazil due to limited coverage of traditional cultivation and isolation methods. Molecular microbial ecology methods based on PCR amplified 16S rDNA have enriched the knowledge of soils microbial biodiversity. The objective of this work was to compare and estimate the bacterial diversity of sympatric communities within soils from two areas, a native forest (NFA) and an eucalyptus arboretum (EAA). PCR primers, whose target soil metagenomic 16S rDNA were used to amplify soil DNA, were cloned using pGEM-T and sequenced to determine bacterial diversity. From the NFA soil 134 clones were analyzed, while 116 clones were analyzed from the EAA soil samples. The sequences were compared with those online at the GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed differences between the soil types and high diversity in both communities. Soil from the Eucalyptus spp. arboretum was found to have a greater bacterial diversity than the soil investigated from the native forest area.
RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar e comparar a diversidade microbiana de um solo tratado com lodo de esgoto (BAR 1N) com o mesmo solo sem tratamento (controle). A utilização do lodo de esgoto de origem industrial ou domiciliar em solos agrícolas como adubo orgânico é considerado, atualmente, uma alternativa promissora para disposição final deste resíduo. Estudos moleculares que utilizam a análise do gene 16S rRNA permitem a obtenção de informações relevantes acerca da ecologia microbiana, pois acredita-se que apenas 10% desses microorganismos podem ser cultivados. O DNA genômico dos micro-organismos presentes em ambos os solos foi extraído, clonado e, após amplificação por PCR, foi feito o sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. As sequências obtidas foram submetidas à análise de similaridade de nucleotídeos com o banco de dados GenBank para que pudessem ser identificadas e classificadas. Após a análise dos filogramas observou-se um número elevado de micro-organismos não identificados nos solos analisados. Os resultados demonstraram que os filos bacterianos que se destacaram foram Acidobacteria e Proteobacteria. Análises filogenéticas revelaram diferenças entre os solos, mostrando por meio de índice de diversidade bacteriana que o solo controle apresentou maior diversidade quando comparado ao solo BAR 1N. O filo Nitrospira revelou-se significativamente afetado pela aplicação do lodo de esgoto.
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