Aim: A current model of rain forest population diversification in Sundaland specifies east-west vicariance into refugia during the early Pleistocene. In some taxa, this division was followed by dispersal and apparent secondary contact on Borneo in the late Pleistocene. To investigate genetic, morphological, spatial and temporal characteristics of the model, we compared genomic population and plumage variation among four bird species with east-west mtDNA and plumage structure. Location: Borneo and western Sundaland (Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula). Methods: We quantified plumage patterns among populations of two muscicapids (Copsychus saularis and Kittacincla malabarica) and two timaliids (Mixornis gularis and Trichastoma malaccense), and compared them with population genetic patterns determined from (1) SNPs produced by RAD-Seq and (2) previously sequenced mtDNA. Results: All four species exhibit east-west variation in morphological and some genetic characters, but patterns are idiosyncratic. Copsychus saularis' mtDNA and plumage change gradually across Borneo, but RAD-Seq comparisons indicate no population structure. In K. malabarica, all three characteristics change abruptly and concurrently on Borneo. In M. gularis, the main east-west break occurs between Borneo and western Sundaland, with marginal mtDNA, plumage and RAD-Seq structure on Borneo. T. malaccense exhibits two distinct mtDNA and genomic transitions, an early Pleistocene break between western Sundaland and Borneo, and a Pliocene break between the north-east and the rest of Borneo. Despite this deep genetic division, its plumage changes clinally across Borneo.Main conclusions: MtDNA, plumage and RAD-Seq patterns may vary depending on such factors as pre-Pleistocene distribution, habitat requirements and dispersal propensity, differential introgression among the three character types, selection on plumage and phylogenetic relationships.

Aim Our understanding of population diversification in the lowlands of Sundaland has improved substantially over the last 20 years through phylogeographical study, but we know almost nothing about population diversification in the mountains of the region. Here, we apply genomic analysis and habitat modelling to the phylogeography of Chlorocharis emiliae, the Mountain Blackeye, an endemic montane bird of Borneo with a sky-island distribution, to investigate the structure and interconnectivity of its populations. In the process, we consider factors driving population diversification in the mountains versus lowlands on the island, and how population structure of C. emiliae compares with structure of previously studied lowland species.Location Borneo.Methods Using RAD-seq, we produced thousands of SNPs in 25 individuals from five sky-island populations of C. emiliae. These populations represent the species entire range across Borneo. Genetic structure and species tree analyses were applied to measure population relationships and connectivity. Ecological niche modelling was used to estimate habitat distributions during current and LGM time periods. ResultsWe identified slight to moderate genetic distinctiveness among all populations. Based on demographic models, isolation with migration was the main pattern of divergence, and the most admixture occurred among three populations in north-eastern Borneo: Kinabalu, Trus Madi and Murud. The most divergent population, Pueh, in north-western Borneo, has low genetic diversity and a small effective population size, is geographically isolated and has diverged in isolation without notable gene flow. These results, based on a large genomic dataset, contradict the evolutionary relationships identified in an earlier mitochondrial DNA study.Main conclusions Genomic phylogeographical comparisons indicate that diversification among sky-island populations of C. emiliae was driven largely by distance and historical habitat distribution, resulting in isolation but also some inter-population gene flow. During Pleistocene glacial events, cooler temperatures would have caused montane forest to descend and spread, thereby increasing connectivity among sky-island populations. However, despite increased montane habitat, the north-western population of Pueh remained isolated. This montane pattern contrasts with phylogeographical patterns in the Bornean lowlands, where populations often display evidence of vicariance followed by secondary contact.

The Mountain Black-eye (Chlorocharis emiliae) is an endemic white-eye (Zosteropidae) of Borneo with a unique ''sky island'' distribution. We compared mitochondrial ND2, ND3, Cytb, and control region DNA sequences (2,194 nucleotides) to study the phylogeographic relationships of five populations of this species that span its range: Mounts Kinabalu, Trus Madi, Murud, Mulu, and Pueh. These comparisons showed that black-eyes are divided into two main clades that correspond generally to subspecific morphological groups: one in Sabah, Malaysia (Kinabalu and Trus Madi), and one in Sarawak, Malaysia (Murud, Mulu, and Pueh). The genetic and morphologic subdivision of black-eyes disputes the expected merging of populations during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when montane forest presumably expanded and provided the opportunity for currently isolated populations to intermingle. Instead the genetic aging of black-eye populations indicates they diversified long before the LGM, and either did not expand sufficiently in range during the LGM to reach one another, or were reproductively isolated by the time of the LGM and thus prevented from interbreeding. Moreover, the subdivision between black-eyes in Sabah and Sarawak means that this species (and probably several other montane species) has a phylogeographic structure remarkably similar to Borneo's lowland bird populations, which are presumed to have evolved under different paleo-geographic conditions. The similar phylogeographic pattern found in both montane and lowland species requires that we rethink the causes of bird population diversification on the island of Borneo. Keywords: Greater Sunda Islands, last glacial maximum, montane avifauna, phylogeography, refugia, sky islands, ZosteropidaePatrons de diversification aviaireà Bornéo: Le cas d'une espèce endémique, Chlorocharis emiliae RÉSUMÉ Chlorocharis emiliae est une espèce endémique de Zosteropidae de Bornéo ayant une répartition unique de type ''sky island.'' Nous avons comparé les séquences d'ADN mitochondrial ND2, ND3, Cytb, et de la région de contrôle (2,194 nucléotides) afin d'étudier les relations phylogéographiques de cinq populations de cette espèce qui couvrent toute son aire de répartition: Les Monts Kinabalu, Trus Madi, Murud, Mulu, et Pueh. Ces comparaisons ont montré que C. emiliae se divise en deux principaux clades qui correspondent généralement aux groupes morphologiques sousspécifiques: unà Sabah, en Malaisie (Kinabalu et Trus Madi) et unà Sarawak, en Malaisie (Murud, Mulu, et Pueh). La subdivision génétique et morphologique de C. emiliae conteste l'hypothèse de fusion des populations au cours du dernier maximum glaciaire (DMG), lorsque la forêt montagnarde s'est vraisemblablement développée et a fourni aux populations actuellement isolées l'occasion de se mélanger. Au lieu de cela, le vieillissement génétique des populations de C. emiliae indique qu'elles se sont diversifiées bien avant le DMG, et que leur aire de répartition ne s'est pas suffisammentélargie au cours du DMG pour se rejoindr...

The Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis) is among the popular passerines songbird in Borneo. A study on the vocalisation of this tropical species has been conducted at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Campus and Tanjung Bundong village areas, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak starting from March 2015 until February 2017 to understand more on their call types. Call samples were recorded from 38 individuals of Magpie Robin (8 colour-ringed males, 6 colour-ringed females, 10 juveniles and 14 nestlings) during breeding seasons. A total of six call types were successfully identified which were territorial, threat, submissive, juvenile, distress and begging calls. Both territorial and threat calls are uttered in response to the presence of an intruder in the vicinity of nesting sites while begging call is crucial to the nestlings as it stimulates parental food provisioning activities. Distress call was uttered when in stress situations while juvenile calls were associated with learning process to vocalise. Territorial, threat and begging calls were substantially important during breeding season and the survival of Magpie Robins.

Padlet is a collaborative online tool that is widely used to complement online learning. This study investigates students' perception of using Padlet while executing project-based learning activities in the learning of entrepreneurship content and skills. Participants were assigned to use Padlet to facilitate remote group work discussions. Once the activities were completed, they filled out an online survey to capture their opinions and perceptions of the use of Padlet in their respective projects. The quantitative findings revealed that more than half of the participants agreed that Padlet is a useful online tool to support project-based learning activities. They also agreed Padlet can be used to nurture students’ soft skills. Less than half still wanted to use Padlet if their internet connections were reliable. However, the rest were unsure of continuing using Padlet, and they indicated a preference to use other online tools. A few factors were identified to have also influenced the correlation between Padlet usage and assignments. Based on qualitative findings, although Padlet was viewed as a great collaborative tool supporting project-based learning activities in entrepreneurship education, it must be used with other online tools to overcome its technical shortcomings. Hence, modifying pedagogical strategies shall also be considered for making students participate actively in online discussion. In future, an in-depth investigation should focus on understanding the effectiveness of Padlet in entrepreneurship education in post-pandemic scenarios.

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We investigated the foraging ecology of three species of babblers in Kampung Gumbang, Kampung Padang Pan and Dered Krian National Park, Bau. Vegetation in Kampung Gumbang include tall trees, shrubs and patches of kerangas. Dered Kerian National Park consists of mixed dipterocarp forest and limestone forest, which is surrounded by orchards and few villages. In Kampung Padang Pan, the vegetation is a mixed fruit orchard and secondary forest. Foraging data were obtained to compare foraging behaviour in three species. From 133 observations, suspended dead leaves was the most frequently used substrate by the three species. Stachyris maculate showed the most general foraging behavior, and it adopted probing strategy. Cyanoderma erythropterum and Mixnornis gularis obtained food items by gleaning. These three babblers utilize different foraging strategies and substrates, irrespective of their resemblances in other characteristics.  C. erythropterum and S. maculate forage mainly among dead and curled, twisted leaves in understory vegetation at significantly different heights. M. gularis forages on dead and living leaves and this species can be found abundantly in disturbed forest and plantation or farm habitats. All the three areas were observed never lacked falling leaves and structural complexity required as foraging substrates by those three babbler species. All three babblers occupy different foraging niches, and therefore interspecific competitions among themselves are minimized.

Breeding territoriality plays a role in determining the reproduction outcome of many passerines species. The spot-mapping was used to estimate the breeding territory size of a territorial male of Oriental Magpie robin (Cospychus saularis) at Dahlia College, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak which is located within Kota Samarahan. It was conducted by mapping the song perching locations established by a marked male. The breeding territory size of the male was estimated to be 0.78 hectares. The data analysis was done using Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) which was constructed by using Google Earth Pro software. Study on breeding territory size of this bird species is crucial to understand more regarding the breeding behaviour of this species. Data on the behavior of this species could be used for future studies of this bird in Borneo.