Synthetic calcium-deficient apatites (CDA) are structurally similar to biological apatites and are well known as chemical precursors of biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP). BCP are mixtures of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate and are widely used as bone substitutes in human surgery. Bupivacaine, a local anesthetic, has been loaded onto CDA using isostatic compaction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo performance of such a local release on pain after having previously defined the in vitro release profile of bupivacaine. CDA was loaded with 1%, 4%, and 16% of bupivacaine using an isostatic compaction process. In vitro release profile assays performed indicated the complete release of bupivacaine after 24 h. Wistar male rats received 50 mg implants of CDA associated, respectively, with 0, 1%, 4%, and 16% of bupivacaine into the distal femur. Analgesia was measured using the electronic version of the Von Frey monofilament test, assessing the inflammatory response and a neurological score. During the first postoperative days, a dose-dependent analgesic effect was observed with the bupivacaine adsorbed on the resorbable implant. This combined device system thus appears to release local anesthetic in a manner that prevents or limits postoperative pain following bone surgery. This innovative approach could be integrated into a global pain management program, for example, in the context of bone harvesting where bone reconstruction is required.
However, wide use of this approach is limited by the shortage of donor organs and by the quality of the hepatocyte sources (17,18,49). Indeed, the current technologies for isolating adult hepatocytes yield wide ranges of cell viability and quality (7,32). Moreover, most patients receive
Purpose Rare quiescent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) have been isolated in the adult mammalian (including human) CE. We have\ud
reported a CE proliferation with retinal neuronal and photoreceptor cell (rhodopsin+) differentiation in three human eyes eviscerated\ud
for longstanding RD and PVR. The CE strongly expressed EGFR. We have hypothezised that the disease RD and PVR might\ud
stimulate a dormant population of RPCs in the CE in presence of a niche constituted by EGF. The aim of the present work was to\ud
study the CE in the porcine eye with experimental DR and PVR.\ud
Methods Two porcine eyes with experimental surgical RD and PVR enucleated at Day 15 and Day 35 were studied with light\ud
microscopy and immunocytochemistry with antibodies against EGFR, Ki67, CD133, NSE, rhodopsin, GFAP. The fellow porcine\ud
eyes, one non operated porcine eye, and one human eye exenterated for orbital tumor served as controls\ud
Results Wwe observed in the CE of both porcine eyes a discrete hyperplasia of the non pigmented CE with an overexpression of\ud
EGFR and an expression of NSE. All CE controls were negative for NSE. Ki 67, CD133, GFAP and rhodopsin were negative in the\ud
CE of the eyes with RD and of the control eyes\ud
Conclusion The CE of the porcine eye in vivo with shorter duration experimental RD and PVR showed hyperplasia with neuronal\ud
differentiation, in presence of an overexpression of EGFR, as in the human eye with longer duration RD. Photoreceptor differentiation\ud
was not observed in the porcine CE at this stage
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