Several human cytokines including IL-2, GM-CSF, and tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta were engineered as fusion proteins to the carboxyl terminus of a chimeric anti-ganglioside antibody, ch14.18, and expressed in transfected hybridoma cells. All of the fusion proteins were expressed at high levels and were easily purified by affinity or ion-exchange chromatography from culture supernatants. The effect of fusion on antigen binding activity was tested and found to vary with the particular cytokine. No significant decreases in antigen binding were observed, and fusion of IL-2 had the greatest positive effect in a direct antigen binding assay. All fusion proteins maintained normal levels of biological activity except for GM-CSF, which was approximately 20% active, compared to recombinant GM-CSF produced in bacteria. The clearance of the fusion proteins was examined in normal Balb/c mice after intraperitoneal injection or in athymic (nu/nu) mice after intravenous injection and was generally quite rapid, relative to ch14.18. This was mainly due to a very rapid initial clearance rate (alpha phase) since the half-lives of the beta phase of the fusion proteins (about 30 h) were comparable to that of the free antibody (about 58 h). These results demonstrate that biologically active antibody/cytokine fusion proteins can be constructed by genetic engineering. Their relatively rapid clearance may require constant infusion rather than bolus injection in order to achieve clinical efficacy.

A novel series of benzo-1,3-dioxolane metharyl derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition in human whole blood (HWB). In the present study, structure-activity relationships (SAR) in the metharyl analogues were investigated. The spacer group and substitutions in the spacer group were found to be quite important for potent COX-2 inhibition. Compounds in which a methylene group (8a-c), carbonyl group (12a-c), or methylidene group (7a-c) connected cycloalkyl groups to the central benzo-1,3-dioxolane template were found to be potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors. Aryl-substituted compounds linked to the central ring by either a methylene or a carbonyl spacer resulted in potent, highly selective COX-2 inhibitors. In this series of substituted-(2H-benzo[3,4-d]1,3-dioxolan-5-yl))-1-(methylsulfonyl)benzene compounds, SAR studies demonstrated that substitution at the 3-position of the aryl group optimized COX-2 selectivity and potency, whereas substitution at the 4-position attenuated COX-2 inhibition. Mono- or difluoro substitution at meta position(s), as in 22c and 22h, was advantageous for both in vitro COX-2 potency and selectivity (e.g., COX-2 IC(50) for 22c = 1 microM and COX-1 IC(50) for 22c = 20 microM in HWB assay). Several novel compounds in the (2H-benzo[3,4-d]1,3-dioxolan-5-yl))-1-(methylsulfonyl)benzene series, as shown in structures 7c, 8a, 12a, 21c, 22c, 22e, and 22h, selectively inhibited COX-2 activity by 40-50% at a test concentration of 1 microM in an in vitro HWB assay.

The synthesis of a series of novel pyrazoles containing a nitrate (ONO(2)) moiety as a nitric oxide (NO)-donor functionality is reported. Their COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities in human whole blood are profiled. Our data demonstrate that pyrazole ring substituents play an important role in COX-2 selective inhibition, such that a cycloalkyl pyrazole (6b) was found to be a potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor. Other modifications at the 3 position of the central pyrazole ring (17b, 23b, 26b-I) enhanced COX-2 inhibitory potency. Among the pyrazoles synthesized, the oxime (23b) was identified as the most potent COX-2 selective inhibitor. Accordingly, 23b was profiled pharmacologically in the rat after oral administration and shown to possess potent antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced air-pouch model and less gastric toxicity than a standard COX-2 inhibitor when administered with background aspirin treatment. We suggest that the enhanced gastric tolerance of an NO-donor COX-2 selective inhibitor has the potential to augment the clinical profile of this drug class.

Human lymphotoxin was genetically conjugated to the constant region of a human gamma 1 immunoglobulin gene at the end of either the second (CH2-LT) or third (CH3-LT) constant region domain. The altered heavy chain constant regions were combined in a plasmid vector together with the variable regions of a mouse anti-ganglioside GD2 antibody 14.18 and the human kappa constant region. The resulting immunoconjugate constructs were expressed in transfected hybridoma cells and tested for both their antibody and lymphotoxin activities. The two constructs were assembled to varying degrees depending on whether the third heavy chain constant region was present. Both forms retained their ability to bind antigen and mediate ADCC but only CH3-LT was able to mediate the lysis of melanoma target cells in the presence of human complement. Lymphotoxin activity, as defined in a cytolytic assay with mouse fibroblasts, was found to increase significantly as a function of heavy chain assembly and to be equivalent to unconjugated lymphotoxin. Neither of the constructs were cytotoxic for antigen-bearing melanoma cells that are normally resistant to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Such immunoconjugates may prove useful in targeting cytokines to the site of antigen-bearing cells in vivo. In this case, as a means of eliciting an inflammatory response at the site of a solid tumor.

Indomethacin, a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, was modified in three distinct regions in an attempt both to increase cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selectivity and to enhance drug safety by covalent attachment of an organic nitrate moiety as a nitric oxide donor. A human whole-blood COX assay shows the modifications on the 3-acetic acid part of the indomethacin yielding an amide-nitrate derivative 32 and a sulfonamide-nitrate derivative 61 conferred COX-2 selectivity. Along with their respective des-nitrate analogs, for example, 31 and 62, the nitrates 32 and 61 were effective antiinflammatory agents in the rat air-pouch model. After oral dosing, though, only 32 increased nitrate and nitrite levels in rat plasma, indicating that its nitrate tether served as a nitric oxide donor in vivo. In a rat gastric injury model, examples 31 and 32 both show a 98% reduction in gastric lesion score compared to that of indomethacin. In addition, the nitrated derivative 32 inducing 85% fewer gastric lesions when coadministered with aspirin as compared to the combination of aspirin and valdecoxib.

Addition of putrescine to a slowly growing, polyamine-starved Escherichia coli K-12 mutant conditionally incapable of synthesizing putrescine causes the immediate stimulation of protein synthesis. After a period ranging from 60 to 105 min, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) syntheses are also stimulated and rapid cellular division begins. Chloramphenicol blocks this rapid cellular division, although addition of the specific DNA synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, has no effect on cell division. By sucrose gradient analysis and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, the proteins initially made in response to putrescine appear to be composed of many classes, including membrane-bound proteins. However, the synthesis of ribosomal subunits is not altered during this period. A possible role for putrescine in either the stimulation of messenger RNA transcription or in translation is suggested.

The combination of a nitric oxide (NO) donor and a paclitaxel-NO donor conjugate coated on a vascular stent was tested in a rabbit iliac artery model of stenosis as a potential therapy for restenosis. Paclitaxel was conjugated with a NO donor at the 7-position to give compound 7. An adamantane-based NO donor 14 was synthesized and combined with 7 to provide a burst of NO in the first few critical hours following injury to the vessel wall. Both 7 and 14 demonstrated antiproliferative activity (IC(50) = 20 nM and 15 microM, respectively) and antiplatelet activity (IC(50) = 10 and 1 microM, respectively). Stents were coated with a layer of a polymer containing test compounds. The total amount of NO eluted from the stents after a 6 h implantation in the rabbit iliac artery was 35%, 95%, and 69% of the original content for the stents coated with 7, 14, and the combination of 7 and 14, respectively. The antistenotic activity of 7 and 14 was determined in a 28-day rabbit model with two control groups (uncoated stents and polymer-coated stents) and two study groups (paclitaxel-coated stents and stents coated with the combination of 7 and 14). Polymer-coated stents caused inflammation and increased stenosis by 39% when compared to the uncoated stents. The stents coated with 7 plus 14 were as good as the uncoated stents, 41% better than the polymer-coated stents and 34% better than the paclitaxel-coated stents. These data indicate a beneficial effect of adding NO to an antiproliferative agent (paclitaxel) and suggest a potential therapeutic combination for the treatment of stenotic vessel disease.

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