Different landing tasks elicited different biomechanical responses; no single task was best for assessing a wide range of biomechanical variables related to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Therefore, depending on the goals of the study, using multiple assessment tasks should be considered.

Background.-People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) have preclinical cardiac and vascular dysfunction that predicts low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CRF is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular mortality, a primary concern in T2D management. Glucagon-like pepetide-1 (GLP-1) augments cardiovascular function and our previous data in rodents demonstrate that potentiating the GLP-1 signal with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor augments CRF. We hypothesized that administration of a DPP4-inhibitor (sitagliptin) would improve CRF in adults with T2D. Methods and Results.-Thirty-eight participants (64±1 years; mean±SE) with T2D were randomized in a double-blinded study to receive 100mg/day sitagliptin, 2mg/day glimepiride, or placebo, for 3 months after baseline measurements. Fasting glucose decreased with both glimepiride and sitagliptin compared with placebo (P=0.002). CRF did not change in any group (Placebo: Pre: 15.4±0.9 vs. Post: 16.1±1.1 ml/kg/min vs. Glimepiride: 18.5±1.0 vs. 17.7±1.2 ml/kg/min vs. Sitaglipin: 19.1±1.2 vs. 18.3±1.1 ml/kg/min; P=0.3). Sitagliptin improved cardiac diastolic function, however, measures of vascular function did not change with any treatment. Conclusions.-Three months of sitagliptin improved diastolic cardiac function, however, CRF did not change. These data suggest the need to incorporate aerobic exercise in the management of T2D to improve CRF and reduce the risk of premature cardiovascular mortality.

BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. Sex differences in PA behavior or barriers/facilitators to PA among individuals with T2DM are unclear. PURPOSE To summarize the evidence related to sex differences in participation in PA and barriers/facilitators to PA among individuals with T2DM across the life span. DATA SOURCES Systematic searches (CRD42021254246) were conducted with Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), APA PsychInfo, and SPORTDiscus. STUDY SELECTION We included studies with assessment of PA, sedentary behaviors (SB), or barriers/facilitators to PA among individuals with T2DM by sex or gender. DATA EXTRACTION Participant characteristics, meeting PA guidelines, participation in PA and SB, and barriers/facilitators to PA were extracted by two independent reviewers. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 53 articles (65,344 participants) were included in the systematic review and 21 articles in the meta-analysis. Sex differences were not observed in meeting of PA guidelines among adolescents (odds ratio 0.70 [95% CI 0.31, 1.59]), but males were more likely than females to meet PA guidelines among adults (1.65 [1.36, 2.01]) and older adults (1.63 [1.27, 2.09]). Males performed more moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) than females across all age-groups. Common barriers to PA were lack of time (men) and lack of social support and motivation (women). LIMITATIONS Limitations include heterogeneity of measures used to assess PA and lack of stratification of data by sex. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in meeting PA guidelines were not observed among adolescents but were apparent among adults and older adults with T2DM. Females consistently engaged in less MVPA than males across the life span.

People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have impaired skeletal muscle oxidative flux due to limited oxygen delivery. r In the current study, this impairment in oxidative flux in people with T2D was abrogated with a single-leg exercise training protocol. r Additionally, single-leg exercise training increased skeletal muscle CD31 content, calf blood flow and state 4 mitochondrial respiration in all participants.

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