Efecto de la gradiente altitudinal sobre la composición florística, estructura y biomasa arbórea del bosque seco andino, Loja, EcuadorEffect of the altitudinal gradient in the floristic composition, structure and arboreal biomass of the Andean dry forest, Loja, Ecuador SUMMARY Dry forests are fragile ecosystems, developed in extreme climatic conditions that harbor a wealth of flora and fauna due to the influence of the Andes mountain range. This study aimed at analyzing the influence of altitude in floristic composition, structure and aboveground biomass in the Andean dry forest. Three L-shaped conglomerates were established in different altitudinal gradients from 1,750 to 2,320 m a.s.l in the Andean dry forest of Natural Reserve of Pisaca, Loja. Where, trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm were measured in the 0.36 ha plot and individuals with DBH ≥ 5 cm in nested plots of 0.40 ha. Ecological parameters were calculated, and biomass was estimated by allometric equations generated for dry tropical forests. We identified a total of 2,012 individuals, belonging to 39 species and 1 morphotype distributed in 35 genera and 23 families. The families with the highest diversity and species richness were Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. The most abundant species were Myrcianthes sp., Lafoensia acuminata, Xylosma sp., Mauria heterophylla and Vachellia macracantha. Forest mass has a basal area of 29.48 m 2 , wood volume of 149.51 m 3 and estimated biomass of 565.44 Mg ha -1 . We concluded that in the Andean dry forest, when altitude increases richness, structure and biomass increase. However, in the case of diversity, there is no correlation between altitude and diversity. Therefore, altitude is a relevant topographic variable in biodiversity studies. RESUMENLos bosques secos andinos son ecosistemas sensibles que se desarrollan en condiciones climáticas extremas y albergan alta riqueza de flora y fauna debido a la influencia de la cordillera de Los Andes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la influencia de la altitud en la composición florística, estructura y biomasa arbórea en el bosque seco andino. Se establecieron tres conglomerados a diferente altitud desde 1.750 m a 2.320 m s.n.m en el bosque seco andino de la Reserva Natural Pisaca, Loja. Fueron medidos los árboles con DAP ≥ 10 cm en parcelas de 0,36 ha; e individuos con DAP ≥ 5 cm en parcelas anidadas de 0,04 ha. Se calcularon parámetros ecológicos y dasométricos y fue estimada la biomasa mediante una ecuación alométrica generada para bosques tropicales secos. Se registraron 2.012 individuos, pertenecientes a 39 especies y un morfotipo distribuidos en 35 géneros y 23 familias. Las familias con mayor diversidad de especies fueron Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Myrtaceae. Las especies ecológicamente importantes fueron Myrcianthes sp., Lafoensia acuminata, Xylosma sp., Mauria heterophylla y Vachellia macracantha. La masa forestal presentó un área basal de 29,48 m 2 , volumen de madera de 149,51 m 3 y biomasa total de 565,44 Mg ha -1 . Se concluyó que, en el bosque seco andino co...
Inappropriate disposal of sewage sludge has become an environmental problem. In some Brazilian states, such as São Paulo, in natura sewage sludge use is practically prohibited due to restrictive requirements by CONAMA Resolution No. 375/2006. Therefore, a very promising alternative to reuse this residue is to compost it with other materials and use it as a substrate in the production of seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of the seedlings of Peltophorum dubium in compost with sewage sludge, to determine which frequency of irrigation would be more adequate according to the physical characteristics of each substrate, and if this would influence the morphological and nutritional variables of the seedlings. Two composts were produced: sewage sludge composted with sugarcane bagasse and sewage sludge composted with eucalyptus bark, both in 1: 1 proportion. Commercial substrate was used for control. This study was completely randomized in a 3x3 factorial design, which three substrates and three frequencies of irrigation were tested: two, three and four times per day. The evaluated parameters were: plant height, stem diameter ratio, shoot / root ratio, leaf dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, green color index, Dickson quality index (IQD), water loss through leaching and substrate water retain capacity. The best results were observed in the seedlings produced in sewage sludge compound with eucalyptus bark submitted to the frequencies of two or three times a day.
La conservación de las especies del sotobosque en los ecosistemas montanos de la región sur del Ecuador es aún poco estudiada, a pesar de su importancia para la generación de servicios ecosistemicos. Por esta razón se determinó la diversidad florística de los arbustos, hierbas y epífitas en estos ecosistemas. Se implementó dos parcelas permanentes (PP) de una hectárea en las Reservas Naturales de Tapichalaca (RNT) y Numbala (RNN), dentro de estas se delimitó nueve subparcelas de 25m2 y 1m2 para evaluar el estrato arbustivo y herbáceo, respectivamente. Para determinar la diferenciación en la composición florística se realizó un análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y se calcularon las tres medidas de números de Hill de orden q: riqueza de especies (q = 0), diversidad de Shannon (q = 1) y diversidad de Simpson (q = 2). Se registraron 362 arbustos correspondientes a 17 especies, 12 géneros y 10 familias en la RNT, mientras que en la RNN existen 171 arbustos de 20 especies con 8 géneros y 7 familias. Se determinó mayor número de hierbas en la RNN; la mayor abundancia de epifitas se registró en RNT. Existe diferencia en la composición florística y estructura del sotobosque de las RNT y RNN, con mayor abundancia de arbustos en RNT. Las epifitas Guzmania sibundoyorum, Tillandsia biflora y Anthurium dombeyanum fueron las más abundantes en RNT y RNN. Los resultados muestran la diversidad del sotobosque en los bosques montanos que ayudan a mantener el microclima y garantizar la conservación de la biodiversidad.
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