Properties of bottomonia (ϒ, χ b , and ϒ ) in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) are investigated by assessing inelastic reaction rates and their interplay with open-bottom states (b quarks or B mesons) and color screening. The latter leads to vanishing quarkonium-binding energies at sufficiently high temperatures (close to the dissolution point), which, in particular, renders standard gluo-dissociation, g + ϒ → b +b, inefficient because of a substantial reduction in final-state phase space. This problem is overcome by invoking a "quasifree" destruction mechanism, g, q,q + ϒ → g, q,q + b +b, as previously introduced for charmonia. The pertinent reaction rates are implemented into a kinetic theory framework to evaluate the time evolution of bottomonia in heavy-ion reactions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the CERN Large Hadron Collider within an expanding fireball model. Although bottom quarks are assumed to be exclusively produced in primordial nucleon-nucleon collisions, their thermal relaxation times in the QGP, which importantly figure into ϒ-formation rates, are estimated according to a recent Fokker-Planck treatment. Predictions for the centrality dependence of ϒ production are given for upcoming experiments at RHIC and LHC. At both energies, ϒ suppression turns out to be the prevalent effect.

No abstract

Abstract-The quasi-Z source inverter (qZSI) with battery operation can balance the stochastic fluctuations of PV power injected to the grid/load, but its existing topology has a power limitation due to the wide range of discontinuous conduction mode during battery discharge. This paper proposes a new topology of the energy stored qZSI to overcome this disadvantage. The operating characteristic of the proposed solution is analyzed in detail and compared to the existing topology. Two strategies are proposed with the related design principles to control the new energy stored qZSI when applied to the PV power system. They can control the inverter output power, track the PV panel's maximum power point, and manage the battery power, simultaneously. The voltage boost and inversion, and energy storage are integrated in a single stage inverter. An experimental prototype is built to test the proposed circuit and the two discussed control methods. The obtained results verify the theoretical analysis and prove the effectiveness of the proposed control of the inverter's input and output powers, and battery power regardless of the charging or discharging situation. A real PV panel is used in the grid-tie test of the proposed energy stored qZSI, which demonstrates three operational modes suitable for application in the PV power system.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract