In the current study, we report a straightforward and affordable sol‐gel preparation approach for the fabrication of spinel CuCo2O4 nanorods for sodium ion‐based hybrid supercapacitor. The morphological and structural analysis shows that appropriate purity nanorods of CuCo2O4 are formed with good stoichiometry. The electrochemical study of CuCo2O4 nanorods reveals that the electrode has highest specific capacitance of 367 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Evaluation of the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions through detailed electrochemical evaluations of cyclic voltammogram (CV) showing the charge storage kinetics of CuCo2O4 is primarily performed through the diffusive limited mechanisms, suggesting the battery‐like behavior of CuCo2O4 electrode. Hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device is fabricated by utilizing CuCo2O4 for positive and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for negative electrodes material. The polymer gel electrolyte is used in the form of hydrogel membrane made of PVA and Na2SO4, and the HSC device (rGO || CuCo2O4) exhibits energy density of 9.18 Wh kg−1. Therefore, sodium‐ion hybrid supercapacitor electrode materials for this investigation are established using a comprehensive electrochemical kinetics.
The fast, accurate, and affordable determination of efonidipine (EFO) is the need of the time for human mental health. In this work, we proposed a ZnO-adorned glassy carbon electrode (ZnO/GCE) for the voltammetric sensing and electro-kinetic investigations of efonidipine in pharmaceutical samples. ZnO-decorated glassy carbon electrode exhibit enhanced electro-catalytic activity, higher surface area, rapid electron transfer rate, and enhanced electrical conductivity, these properties result in an amplified peak current response for the electro-reduction of EFO. The ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple and economical sol-gel method and characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The electro-kinetic studies of efonidipine on the ZnO fabricated glassy carbon electrode was investigated using CV, EIS, LSV, DPSV, and Chronocoulometry techniques. The diffusion-controlled electro-reduction of EFO produced three well-defined peaks in the cyclic voltammograms. The various electro-kinetics parameters like diffusion coefficient (Do), heterogeneous rate constant (Kh), electron transfer coefficient (α), and surface coverage (Γ) were evaluated and the mechanism of electro-reduction was proposed. The peak current in LSV and DPSV techniques shows a linear relationship with the concentration of EFO in the range of 0.14–0.98 µmolL− 1 with detection limits of 0.21 and 0.07 µmolL− 1, respectively. The proposed ZnO/GCE sensor demonstrates a cost-effective and environmentally compatible approach for the detection of efonidipine in pharmaceutical samples.
The fast, accurate, and affordable determination of anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) is the need of time for human health. In this study, an electrochemical sensor platform was proposed for the cost-effective and sensitive determination of the levetiracetam based on molybdenum sulfide nano-flowers adorned pencil graphite electrode (MoS2/PGE). The nano-flowers of MoS2 were prepared by a cost-effective one-step facile hydrothermal method and the morphology of synthesized MoS2 micro-flowers was characterized via FESEM, XRD, and EDS techniques. Under the optimized experimental conditions, cyclic, linear sweep, and square wave voltammograms of LEV were recorded. The diffusion-controlled electrochemical oxidation of LEV produced one well-defined irreversible peak in all voltammograms. The various electro-kinetics parameters like diffusion coefficient (Do =1.41×10− 5 cm2s− 1), heterogeneous rate constant (Kh=9.04×10− 4 cms− 1), electron transfer coefficient (α = 0.66), the surface area of the fabricated electrode (A = 0.0767 cm2) and surface coverage (Γo = 2.98×10− 11 molcm− 2) were evaluated for the oxidation of LEV at MoS2/PGE. The square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) method was optimized for the quantification of LEV in pharmaceutical samples. The oxidative peak current in SWSV methods varies linearly with LEV concentration within the range 72.0 to 130.0 µmolL− 1 with detection limit (LOD) value of 14.20 µmolL− 1. The proposed MoS2/PGE platform provides a sensitive, low cost and eco-friendly tool for the rapid detection of LEV in clinical samples.
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