The results suggest that allele +9 bp might be a risk factor for EHT in general and specially in males. Markers -58C>T and ±9 bp may act synergistically causing susceptibility to EHT.
Background: HAART (Highly active antiretroviral therapy) is the cornerstone of management of patients with HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy was started in the year 1986 with the first drug Zidovudine (ZDV). Later on, other antiretroviral drugs (NRTIs, NNRTIs and Pls) were introduced. Dual and mono therapies were used initially but the problem of resistance emerged. Currently, 3 or more ARV drugs are recommended globally for the treatment of people with HIV infection.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at a tertiary care Hospital over 200 patients, two commonly used medications are ZLN (Zidovudine+Lamivudine+Nevirapine) and TLE (Tenofovir+Lamivudine+Efavirenz ). The factors considered to affect the clinical and immunologic outcomes in both groups were assessed using baseline CD4 count, WHO clinical staging, presence of chronic diarrhea, anemia, and baseline weight, occurrence of TB, and switching of ART regimen.Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. ART documents of 100 patients are on Zidovudine+Lamivudine+Nevirapine) and 100 patients are on TLE (Tenofovir+Lamivudine+Efavirenz) regimen. Out of 200 patients, 97 were males and 103 were females. Maximum number of subjects were in the age of 15-45 years (82.5%) followed by 45 and above (17.5%). Mean age was 34.5±2.5 (years) with range 15 to 65 years. The baseline CD4 count of the patients, 94 were <350 and 6 were ≥350 on ZLN, in case of TLE 82 were <350 and 18 were ≥350. CD4 count after 6 months in 200 patients as follows, 60 were <350 and 40 were ≥350 in case of TLE 53 were <350 and 47 were ≥350.Conclusions: This research finding concluded that there is no critical difference between the two medications in regards to serious adverse events but did find that TDF is superior to AZT in terms of immunologic response and adherence and more frequent emergence of resistance.
Background The mortality data of COVID cases around the world has less explored in relation to comorbidities.The dogma/question to be answered is that the virus perse resulting or any comorbidities contributing to such frightened deaths.The aim of the study is to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 201 deceased from Telangana. We retrospectively collected all consecutive death cases with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 infection admitted from March to mid-June at Gandhi Hospital the nodal centre designated for COVID-19 in Telangana. Clinical history, comorbidities, laboratory findings and treatment were recorded for each patient.Results A total of 15394 patients with confirmed COVID‐19 test were admitted at Isolation wards between March 2020 and June 2020 and 253 death cases were reported till the submission of this paper. The mean age of death is 57.0 ys in our study, 40.7% (88) deaths were above 60 years and 71.4% (147) were male. Several comorbid conditions existed with COVID-19 death cases among which hypertension being the most common comorbidity (60.1%). Lymphopenia was observed in 46% cases while lymphopenia with comorbidity was recorded in 63% cases.Conclusion In this retrospective study, most of the COVID‐19 deceased patients were elderly male aged with an age range from 50-60 yrs and above. Mortality rate and severity are higher in males than females. Our study indicated the importance of understanding comorbid conditions in COVID‐19 cases especially Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus as they were more likely succumb to death.
Background: HIV/AIDS was first recognized in USA in 1981 when centre for disease control (CDC) reported unexplained occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 5 healthy homosexuals. Soon it was recognized in drug abusers and blood transfusion recipients. The present study has been taken up with an aim to know the incidence of various opportunistic infections in HIV positive patients and to correlate different opportunistic infections (OIs) with the CD4+cellcount.Methods: Sample of 132 cases admitted in Gandhi hospital during the study period were taken. CD4+ counting of blood samples was done by Flow cytometry as per manufacturer’s instructions (FACS Calibur, Becton- Dickinson, Immunocytometry system). Correlation of CD4 cell counts was done with the respective opportunistic infections.Results: TB (50%) is the most frequent OI followed by candidiasis (49%), pneumocystis (16%) and others. The mean CD4 cell count in TB was 110.80/mL and in candidiasis 97.84/mL. Low values were observed in CMV (27/mL) and in toxoplasmosis (61.66/mL).Conclusions: In most of the patient’s respiratory system was the most common system involved by OIs and had CD4 T cell count below 200/mL. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of opportunistic infections is important. This study helps the clinicians in proper guidance to come up before development of severe immunodeficiency to prevent serious and fatal outcome.
People with chronic diseases, old age, obesity, and immunosuppression are more susceptible to infections, including COVID-19. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widely prevalent in India, yet, the number of COVID cases in people living with HIV is low. We report six cases of COVID-19 in patients with HIV who face various challenges in the intensive care unit. The severity of their COVID infection varies from patient to patient depending on their immune status and treatment with antiretroviral therapy.
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