In clinical practice an objective measurement of cardiac function is desirable in following patients with acute myocardial infarction. Jegek (1963) and Weissler, Harris, and Schoenfeld (1968) have suggested that the Q-S2 time interval expressed as a fraction of the cardiac cycle length may be of value in the assessment of cardiac function. We have measured this interval in a series of normal patients and in those who have had a myocardial infarction. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the practical value of this measurement. SUBJECTS AND METHODSOne hundred normal subjects and 20 patients who had had acute myocardial infarction were studied. The normals consisted of 69 men and 31 women between the ages of 31 and 70. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray were done in each case. A group of 3 normal controls was studied daily for 10 days before and after exercise to note any deviation of Q-S2 interval from the normal range.The patients with acute myocardial infarction were included if they showed the typical signs of acute myocardial infarction with chest pain, diagnostic changes in electrocardiogram, and elevation of serum lactic dehydrogenase. Patients with bundle-branch block on the electrocardiogram were excluded from this study.The patients were grouped clinically according to absence (Group I) or presence (Group II) of cardiac abnormalities, including the presence of a third heart sound, cardiomegaly, and pulmonary congestion. The maximum level of serum lactic dehydrogenase rise was also recorded.The electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously on 3-channel Elema Schonander Mingograph recorder at a paper speed of 100 mm./ sec. Two electrocardiographic leads were used to determine the onset of ventricular depolarization as one lead only could be misleading, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The crystal microphone was placed in the position which clearly showed the onset of initial high frequency vibrations of the first and second heart sounds. The Q-S2 interval was measured from the onset of Q wave to the onset of aortic component of the second heart sound, which was taken as the beginning of first high frequency vibrations. Five consecutive cycles were measured in each tracing and averaged. The measurements were made during held quiet expiration in the supine position. The records in which the onset of ventricular depolarization or onset of second heart sound was not clear were discarded.The patients were studied daily at a fixed time from 440 m.sec. 420 m. sec. 462 -1 Il 52 FIG. 1.-Simultaneous phonocardiogram and two leads of electrocardiogram, showing the value of recording two leads of electrocardiogram in measurement of Q-S2 interval.
Background: Cardiac disorders are the second most common disorders after cancer in dogs. Cardiac disorders are often fatal and/or silent killers in canines. In our country, in the majority of cardiovascular disorders, there is a frequent omission by clinician and client due to lack of awareness. However, any cardiac abnormality requires to be dealt with top priority to avoid morbidity and mortality in the dog population. The present study was aimed to know the electrocardiographic interpretations of cardiac disorders in dogs. Methods: For this purpose, a total of 5110 dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, from November 2019 to June 2020 were screened. Among them, 137 dogs had clinical signs about cardiac disorders were subjected to thorough electrocardiographic recordings for interpretations of various cardiac conduction anomalies. Result: Electrocardiography revealed various types of supraventricular and ventricular abnormalities. Among supraventricular disorders maximally wandering pacemaker (30.60%) was recorded followed by atrial fibrillation (22.58%), left atrial enlargement (8.06%) and sinus arrest (4.84%) in dogs. Among ventricular abnormalities; left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and biventricular enlargement (i.e. 41.67%, 37.49% and 8.33%, respectively) were commonly diagnosed.
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is defined as abnormal dilation of a coronary artery ≥1.5 times the normal segment. We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical predictors of CAE. This was a prospective analysis performed on 6465 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Patients were divided based on the presence or absence of CAE and compared for angiographic characteristics and clinical risk factors. The prevalence of CAE was 7%, CAE associated with coronary artery stenosis was 5.4%, and isolated CAE was 1.6%. The mean age of presentation in CAE patients was 60 years, with male predominance (83.8%) and stable angina was the most common presentation. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) (51.7%) was the most commonly involved vessel, with diffuse ectasia more commonly seen in right coronary artery and discrete ectasia in LAD. Type 4 CAE was the most common type (92.4%). Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, and obesity were found in 62.4%, 35.3%, 45.3%, 54.9%, and 23.3%, respectively in CAE patients, with significant association with smoking (Odds Ratio = 3.06). The prevalence of CAE was 7% and was frequently associated with atherosclerotic coronary disease. Smoking was a significant predisposing factor for CAE.
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