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The effects of rural‐to‐urban migration on the poverty status of migrants have not been adequately explored. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine poverty status before and after a rural‐to‐urban migration, a proportional hazards model of time spent in poverty that begins in rural areas is estimated to determine whether moving to an urban area reduces the time spent in poverty while controlling for individual educational and family characteristics. Results indicate that moving from a rural to an urban area reduces time spent in poverty for white and black women but the effects are not statistically significant for men. Further, to adequately understand the relationship between moving to an urban area and poverty, the analysis examines the effects of moving on the length of time spent not employed.

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Data from the National Survey of Children (Waves 1 and 3), a longitudinal survey of 2,000 children who were between the ages of 7 and 11 during the first wave in 1976 and between the ages of 16 and 20 during the third wave in 1987, were analyzed to examine the impact of paternal involvement during childhood as well as the ongoing father-child relationship on sons' and daughters' gender role orientations and attitudes in young adulthood. The results indicated that, compared to females, males placed more importance on success at work and less importance on being a parent. Females, compared to males, were less likely to believe in traditional roles and more likely to believe that couples should share housework. While there were significant gender differences in role orientations and attitudes, there were no significant differences by father presence. Whether or not a father was present at time 1 and whether or not that presence changed over time had no significant relationship to the development of gender role orientations and attitudes. This finding supports the contention that research on the development of gender may need to pay less attention to father presence and focus more on the effects of the nature of fathering. Data analyses indicated that the ongoing father-child relationship was more important than paternal involvement in childhood and that the effects were greater for sons than for daughters. (NB)