Diverse assemblages of seed-dispersing megafauna once existed in Asian rainforests, but are now almost solely represented by elephants. Asia's rhinos persist in remnant, ecologically extinct populations and the most threatened of these is the Sumatran rhino, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. To understand the seed dispersal role of Sumatran rhinos, we consolidated information on fruit consumption, seed dispersal, and fruit traits from a 2-month field study (Sumatra), local ecological knowledge (Peninsular Malaysia), and published and unpublished accounts. We evaluated differences between the taxa and traits of fruits dispersed by rhinos and elephants, and identified other dispersers of megafaunal-syndrome fruits that were rhino-dispersed. At least 79 plant species were dispersed by rhinos: overstorey plants (trees and climbers; 78% of species) had large, usually "mammal-colored," fruits and seeds, and were mainly drupes and berries; 61% of these were megafaunal-syndrome fruits (>4 cm wide).Understorey plants (herbs, shrubs, and small trees) had small, often capsular, fruits and seeds that are potentially dispersed following the "foliage-is-the-fruit" hypothesis.Rhinos were the only known disperser for 35% of the megafaunal-fruit genera. The highest dispersal overlap shown was with elephants: fruits dispersed by rhinos tended to be capsular and were smaller than fruits dispersed by both elephants and rhinos.Given these findings and the different foraging and ranging behavior of Sumatran rhinos and elephants, we suggest that these megafauna had important differences in their seed dispersal roles. Asian rainforests have, therefore, lost an important seed dispersal mutualist. Conservation efforts should aim to protect and restore the ecological function of these unique creatures.
The development of creative industries in Bandung, Indonesia showed a quite satisfactory improvement. This success needs to be completed by performing revitalization and city branding for Bandung. This study aims to examine the factors of competitiveness and productivity in the knitted industry of Binong Jati in the revitalization of creative industries and city branding in Bandung, West Java Province. The research used census method and verification with statistical method of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The unit of analysis is thirty people of owners or knitted creative business entrepreneurs in Bandung city. The result of this research is that out of twenty-eight factors studied, the dominant factor of industrial competitiveness is drawn to seven factors which are the production equipment used, the owner quick response, the product trend periods, knitting machine used, the processed of raw material, delivery of goods, and workers with accuracy. There are four factors of productivity and one dominant factor is flexibility.
The purpose of this research is to measure how the state of compensation and work discipline in the trade business sector in West Java at the time of COVID 19 and its impact on their business performance. With the results of this research, it is hoped that it can serve as a barometer of the general economy and in particular the trade sector when COVID 19 is running, especially its contribution to the performance of this business institution. Data were collected using google form from 40 respondents who were obtained randomly from businesses that specialized in trade, both medium and large. The data obtained were tested with validity, reliability, classical assumption test, and data normality. Meanwhile, to determine the value of the contribution of compensation and work discipline on the performance of the business unit used descriptive analysis and verification assisted by SPSS version 25 software. The results of data processing show that all data after being tested are valid, reliable, multicollinear does not occur, heteroscedasticity and are normally distributed. The condition of the compensation owned by this business actor is only in good condition, the condition of work discipline shows very good and their performance illustrates the very high contribution of compensation to small performance and from large work discipline, as a whole of the two variables studied showed a large contribution. All contributions, both partial and simultaneous, are significant. The results of this research can be concluded that the conditions of compensation, work discipline and business performance during COVID 19 were not the same, both partially and simultaneously and all contributions had a fairly large and significant grade.
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