Some parasitoids build a cocoon mass that hangs in the host body until the adults emergence, which is an advantage against attack by predators who troll the vegetation in search of prey. However, such behaviour is not effective against the hyperparasitoid attacks. This study reports the interaction between the caterpillar Manduca sexta Linnaeus, 1763 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) parasitised by Meteorus sp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) larvae and its hyperparasitoid Toxeumella albipes (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). This is the first description of the attack and oviposition of T. albipes.Keywords: behaviour, host, cocoon mass, parasitoid.
História natural da interação entre
Results and analysis of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) are presented as applied to Photonic switching nodes in OPS/OBS future optical networks. Detailed characterization is provided to investigate physical constraints of optical power, gain and noise figure of SOAs. Two different lasers, one external cavity tunable laser and one DFB laser, verify that although the SOA gain is not significantly sensitive to input source a clear difference on the noise figure (NF) is observed. Another important result is that by limiting the average number of hops in the network accumulated ASE power from the amplifiers should not impair signal quality.
Ahstract-We demonstrate novel electronic circuits to identify, rnute and solve contention between optical packets having frequency tone header. The detection processing times of the electronic circuits are very short, the header recognition circuit (HRC) response time itself is 40 ns and the logical decision circuit (LDC) is 40 ns, too. Both circuits USE fast TTL technology. The switching, routing and contention solution is performed packet-hy-packet without degradation or loss of pdckets. This system is applicable to future photonic switch with all-optical packets network.Index Term-Photonic switch, fast electronics and optical networks.
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