Peri-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection increases postoperative mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal duration of planned delay before surgery in patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection. This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study included patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery during October 2020. Surgical patients with pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with those without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted 30-day mortality rates stratified by time from diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection to surgery. Among 140,231 patients (116 countries), 3127 patients (2.2%) had a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Adjusted 30-day mortality in patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.5% (95%CI 1.4-1.5). In patients with a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, mortality was increased in patients having surgery within 0-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks and 5-6 weeks of the diagnosis (odds ratio (95%CI) 4.1 (3.3-4.8), 3.9 (2.6-5.1) and 3.6 (2.0-5.2), respectively). Surgery performed ≥ 7 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was associated with a similar mortality risk to baseline (odds ratio (95%CI) 1.5 (0.9-2.1)). After a ≥ 7 week delay in undertaking surgery following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients with ongoing symptoms had a higher mortality than patients whose symptoms had resolved or who had been asymptomatic (6.0% (95%CI 3.2-8.7) vs. 2.4% (95%CI 1.4-3.4) vs. 1.3% (95%CI 0.6-2.0), respectively). Where possible, surgery should be delayed for at least 7 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with ongoing symptoms ≥ 7 weeks from diagnosis may benefit from further delay.

This investigation reports the development of a multidimensional instrument of stable coping styles that focused on whether one's problem-focused coping efforts were facilitating or inhibiting progress toward resolution of a problem. Study 1 describes the steps in scale construction, including the factor analyses, normative information, and reliability estimates. Study 2 provides initial estimates of the stability of the factor structure and construct, concurrent, and discriminant validity. Study 3 provides evidence for the test-retest stability of the Problem-Focused Style of Coping (PF-SOC) factors, an examination of the relations between the PF-SOC factors and neuroticism as another estimate of discriminant validity, and additional concurrent validity by comparisons with a well-developed coping styles inventory.How people struggle and cope with real-life, stressful personal difficulties has received considerable attention ever since Dewey's (1933) influential book on applied problem solving, How We Think. A wide variety of research suggests that coping and problem-solving activities play a role in physical and psychological well-being when people are confronted with negative or stressful events (see D 'Zurilla & Nezu, 1982;Friedman, 1991;Snyder & Ford, 1987). Despite the progress in understanding the coping process and the role of coping in mediating both physical and psychological health, many questions remain either unanswered or unexamined.Little agreement exists regarding the optimal conceptualization of coping (Rohde, Lewinsohn, Tilson, & Seeley, 1990), and a proliferation of constructs have been introduced such as problem-and emotion-focused coping (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980), primary and secondary appraisal (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), hardiness (Kobasa, 1982), problem-solving appraisal (Heppner, 1988), problem-solving ability (D'Zurilla & Nezu, 1982), antidepressive behaviors (Rippere, 1976), learned resourcefulness (Meichenbaum, 1977), and coherence (Antonovsky, 1979). In many instances, similar constructs and relationships among vari-

Three studies were conducted to assess the role of attachment style in partner selection using both correlational and experimental methods. Study 1 (n = 83 couples) assessed correlations between partner ratings on attachment‐style dimensions and the relations between own and partner attachment style and relationship satisfaction. In Study 2 (n = 226) and Study 3 (n = 146), participants who varied in terms of attachment style rated the desirability of potential partners who also differed in terms of attachment style. Results of all three studies generally suggested that individuals were most attracted to partners with similar attachment styles. For example, anxious individuals tended to be dating anxious partners in Study 1, and they preferred anxious partners over secure and avoidant partners in Studies 2 and 3 (combined data). Thus, not all individuals preferred secure partners. Second, unlike previous studies that looked primarily at partner correlations, there was no evidence of anxious/avoidant matching. In fact, anxious individuals seemed particularly averse to avoidant partners. Finally, ratings of parental caregiving styles (especially ratings of mothers) were associated with adult attachment dimensions and partner choices. For example, individuals who rated their mothers as more cold and ambivalent were less attracted to secure partners. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Previous research has studied the assumed effects of parental alcoholism on children in rather narrow ways, which has resulted in misleading assumptions about the psychological well-being of adult children of alcoholics (ACAs). This study takes a broader perspective and confirms and extends prior research by examining the relationship of parental alcoholism and family functioning to problem-solving appraisal, perceived social support, interpersonal cognitive schema, and substance use. The 40 ACA participants were similar to the 40 non-ACAs on all measures except substance use: ACAs were at greater risk for moderate and high substance use. Participants from dysfunctional family systems reported more negative problem-solving appraisal and interpersonal cognitive schemata as compared with participants from functional family systems. Psychological adjustment appears multidetermined and not a simple consequence of parental alcoholism. Implications for future research are addressed.

Much of what is currently known about adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) is based either on clinical observation or on research with clinical populations. This study extends prior research by (a) comparing 40 nonclinical college-age ACAs to 40 nonclinical college-age non-ACAs on problem-solving appraisal, perceived social support, shame, suicidal ideation, and substance use; (b) examining gender differences among ACAs on these 5 variables; and (c) exploring relations between problem-solving appraisal, perceived social support, and shame in predicting suicidal ideation and substance use. ACA participants were found to be similar to their non-ACA peers on all measures, and no gender differences among ACAs were found. The research on which this article is written is based on Deborah M. Wright's master's thesis, which was conducted under the supervision of P. Paul Heppner.We would like to thank Gene Oetting for use of the American Drug and Alcohol Survey and Kathleen Kelly at the Rocky Mountain Behavioral Science Institute for her help with the analysis of that data. In addition, we would like to thank Robert Dolliver, Jane Domke, and Carol Jauquet for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article.